In the coming decade, technology will transform from a purely scientific subject to a key component of the economic, industrial, and geopolitical power of countries. The new generation of emerging technologies, from physical artificial intelligence and cognitive models of the world to cryptography based on algebraic networks and precise fermentation, are all, beyond individual innovations, paving the way for the formation of new industries, markets, and value chains. This article is based on a descriptive-analytical method and uses the theoretical frameworks of the national innovation system, the university-industry-government triple model, and the industrial ecosystem approach to analyze the evolution in the logic of technology governance. The main argument is that in the era of complex and convergent technologies, the role of the government has changed from “technology producer” to “technology ecosystem facilitator” and success in future technology competition depends on the ability of countries to create a link between research, production, market and regulation. By examining the experiences of leading countries and analyzing the governance requirements for Iran, this study proposes a phased strategy based on comparative advantages as a realistic path for participation in the future technology economy.