https://www.rahbordsyasi.ir/ Journal of Political Strategy en daily 1 Fri, 22 May 2026 00:00:00 +0330 Fri, 22 May 2026 00:00:00 +0330 https://www.rahbordsyasi.ir/article_244322.html National security is the most important need of every country and geopolitical position is considered one of the factors affecting national security. The main issue of the present study is what effect did Iran's geopolitical position have on the country's national security in the periods before and after the victory of the Islamic Revolution? In this study, the survey method was used and the data was obtained through interviews. . After the victory of the Islamic Revolution, the geopolitical importance of the country increased and, consequently, the enemies' efforts to influence and dominate Iran increased compared to the past. However, factors such as religious democracy and the people's sense of belonging to their country led to the repelling of security threats and the preservation of Iran's territorial integrity. The performance of the military and defense sector can be a good model for the executive branch and economic managers to adopt revolutionary positions to save the country's economy from vulnerability. https://www.rahbordsyasi.ir/article_244397.html especially in the context of the conflicts between Israel and Palestine. The concept of geopolitics of resistance is analyzed as a political and social strategy against occupation and inequalities. Then, emphasizing the history of political and social developments in this region, the role of physical and human geography in shaping the national identity and resistance of the Palestinians and Israel's defense strategies is examined. Within the theoretical framework of critical geopolitics and relying on the resistance-centered international law approach, it is argued that the right to self-determination has become, beyond a mere legal principle, a strategic tool in the hands of resistance actors through which they challenge the political legitimacy of the Israeli occupation, increase the international costs of Tel Aviv's unilateralism, and normalize the discourse of resistance. This research shows how the right to self-determination has transformed from a passive legal demand into an active tool of activism in the following areas: in the symbolic field by reviving the historical narrative of the right of return, in the institutional field by referring the issue to the International Court of Justice, and in the operational field by aligning the diplomacy of regional countries in condemning the violation of Palestinian rights. https://www.rahbordsyasi.ir/article_244568.html This study employs a qualitative systematic review to examine the existing literature on the securitization of Iran’s nuclear program within the framework of the Copenhagen School. The Twelve-Day War and the Ramadan War, as the apex of decades of threat construction, have underscored the urgency of such an inquiry. Focusing on the speech acts of the United States, Israel, and Saudi Arabia, the study shows that the securitization of Iran’s nuclear program has been a multi-actor, multilayered process, closely contingent on shifting political and discursive contexts.The findings indicate that U.S. discourse has exhibited the greatest fluctuation between securitization and desecuritization; Israel, by repeatedly invoking its historical trauma, has forged a stable narrative of existential threat; and Saudi Arabia has played a largely reactive and peripheral role. The literature further identifies three fragile pathways to desecuritization, discursive, institutional, and structural, whose lack of alignment was laid bare by the failure of the JCPOA experience. Finally, by highlighting key research gaps, including the absence of a systematic analysis of the simultaneous interaction among the three actors and the puzzle of how discourse of threat escalated into war, this study offers a research agenda for future work. https://www.rahbordsyasi.ir/article_242928.html Water resources management is one of the fundamental challenges in today's world, which has become increasingly complex due to climate change, population growth, and the expansion of industrial activities. Given the limited availability of freshwater resources (only 50 percent is available) and the intensification of water stress (720 million people live in critical areas), this research attempts to examine the dual role of artificial intelligence in water resources management and environmental sustainability, with an emphasis on arid and semi-arid regions such as West Asia; because artificial intelligence has become a useful tool in various fields, including environmental sciences. Therefore, artificial intelligence acts as a two-way technology. On the one hand, by providing smart solutions in water quality monitoring, drought prediction, irrigation optimization (30 percent reduction in agricultural water consumption), and leakage detection (prevention of 95 percent of urban waste), it plays a key role in achieving sustainable development goals such as clean water and climate action. On the other hand, the development of AI infrastructure, especially data centers, is exacerbating the resource crisis, consuming millions of liters of water for cooling annually and accounting for 1.5% of global electricity. Training large models such as Chat. https://www.rahbordsyasi.ir/article_242930.html Security-orientation is a subject that has entered in criminal law by the existence of new criminal phenomenon such as organized crimes (money laundering, drug trafficking & etc.) or transnational crimes. Level by level for combating these private crimes, the special conventions& statute have approved that they caused the hiring of some accepted basis in classic criminal law. It is considered that being secured atmosphere, not only has caused these crimes be reduced, but also has made them to be increased. Perhaps this Security-orientation is been able to prove this security, but it makes a lot of invasions toward human rights. Legislator has set the corruption on earth as an independent offence in Islamic penal code (2013) and by lots of ambiguity, it has involved several instances on this criminal action. The other main problem Article286 is the similar punishment for aiding and abetting on this crime, as referred to the solution of this challenge in this writing. https://www.rahbordsyasi.ir/article_244923.html In recent years, the economic and political relations of the Iraqi Kurdistan Region with neighboring and regional countries, particularly Turkey and Iran, have become complex and multifaceted. This article employs a descriptive-analytical approach to examine the reasons for Iran’s failure to achieve economic influence in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region in comparison to Turkey’s success. The analysis shows that Turkey, by adopting an economy-oriented approach, making direct investments in infrastructure and energy, concluding trade and oil agreements, and engaging in active diplomacy with local Kurdish authorities, has been able to establish a stable and influential economic and political presence in the region. In contrast, Iran, by focusing primarily on security policies, limiting direct engagement with the Kurdish authorities, and experiencing weaknesses in its private sector’s ability to seize economic opportunities, has failed to play a significant role in the region. The findings indicate that differences in strategic approaches, an emphasis on economic objectives, and proactive diplomacy are decisive factors in determining the extent of a country’s influence in autonomous regions. This study suggests that for Iran to strengthen its economic and political influence in northern Iraq, it needs to adopt a combined strategy of economic engagement and active diplomacy. https://www.rahbordsyasi.ir/article_244938.html The Second Step Declaration of the Islamic Revolution, as a charter of self-development, socialization, and civilization, provides a normative and strategic framework for policymaking in various fields, including foreign policy. The present article analyzes the components of the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran from the Second Step Declaration using a descriptive-analytical method and using the concept of transcendental governance as a model that links dignity, wisdom, and expediency with strategic independence and a civilizational horizon. The main question is what are the main components of foreign policymaking based on the Second Step Declaration in the framework of transcendental governance and how are they analyzed in an integrated network? The findings show that seven main components; “the normative triad of dignity, wisdom, and expediency” as the core of transcendental governance; “strategic independence” as the focal goal; “demarcation with the enemy and active resistance”; “Prioritizing the surrounding environment and strategic deepening”; “Endogenous-Extroverted Economic Diplomacy”; “Science and Technology Diplomacy”; and “Civilizational Approach and Cultural Inspiration” can be extracted from the statement. The analysis of the network of these components under the transcendental governance reveals that the Second Step Statement outlines a model of transcendental deterrence for foreign policy. https://www.rahbordsyasi.ir/article_244969.html The Middle East, one of the most important geopolitical regions in the world, has always been an arena for great power competition. In the last two decades, the United States and the People's Republic of China have become the two main players in this competition. Despite its reduced energy dependence on the region, the United States still has a large military and security presence and is trying to maintain its strategic influence to ensure the security of its allies and counter threats. In contrast, China, given its growing need for energy resources, has adopted a different strategy and has consolidated its position in the region through infrastructure investments and the expansion of economic relations within the framework of the "Belt and Road" initiative.. The findings show that the competition between the United States and China in the Middle East is of a mixed nature; arenas, a kind of interdependence has formed between them in the energy and economic fields. Also, the countries of the region, by taking advantage of the policy of balancing, . The research results indicate that this competition will not only affect the future of energy security and the regional balance of power. https://www.rahbordsyasi.ir/article_244968.html Russia's Security Strategy in Shaping the New Middle Eastern OrderAli Mohammad Sharifi1AbstractThis study examines Russia’s security strategy in shaping the new regional order in the Middle East following the 2011 developments. Utilizing a qualitative method and the theoretical framework of constructivism , the paper analyzes how Russia has redefined its identity as a constructive actor and promoted new regional security norms .This research applies constructivism as its primary theoretical lens . Key findings indicate that Russia’s military intervention in Syria , combined with multilateral diplomacy and trilateral cooperation with Iran and Turkey , has contributed to regional stability and the emergence of a multipolar order . The study concludes that , despite challenges , Russia continues to play a decisive and stabilizing role in the formation of the Middle East’s new security architecture .Key Words: Security Strateg , Middle East , Regional Order , Trilateral Cooperation https://www.rahbordsyasi.ir/article_244941.html The rapid expansion of IoT technology, as one of the most significant manifestations of digital transformation, has resulted in an unprecedented increase in the large-scale collection, processing, and exchange of personal data. Features such as constant device connectivity, automated processing, and big data analytics have generated fundamental challenges in the field of privacy. The primary objective of this study is to elucidate privacy risks within the IoT environment and to assess the management of these risks under the framework of GDPR of the European Union. This research is theoretical in nature and adopts a descriptive–analytical approach, drawing upon library-based sources to examine issues such as location tracking, data attribution and re-identification, and information security breaches in IoT ecosystems. The findings indicate that the data-driven nature of IoT systems, absent the integration of protective requirements at the design stage, may lead to widespread violations of individuals’ fundamental rights. In contrast, the GDPR framework, by institutionalizing principles such as transparency, accountability, data minimization, and data protection by design, provides a preventive and structural approach to risk management. Achieving a balance between technological innovation and the safeguarding of fundamental rights is possible only through a proactive and rights-based approach to data governance. https://www.rahbordsyasi.ir/article_244939.html AbstractFrom Benjamin’s perspective, violence within any legal order serves two primary functions. First is its law-making function, which constitutes the origin of every legal and juridical order. The second is its law-preserving function—an inherent aspect of any legal system designed to maintain and uphold existing laws. While the primary (or law-making) form of violence refers to the creative act of establishing power, the secondary (or law-preserving) form of violence is typically institutionalized within the state apparatus, aiming to ensure the continuity and durability of the original founding violence. With this theoretical framework in mind, the present study seeks to explore the relationship between violence and law in the formation of the modern state under Reza Shah Pahlavi, particularly in relation to his modernization policies. The findings suggest that, like all political founders, Reza Shah initially employed mythic or law-making violence—manifested in the coup d’état of February 1921—to establish the new regime. Subsequently, he relied on law-preserving violence—through the legal and administrative capacities of institutions such as the Constitution, the Parliament, and the bureaucracy—to consolidate both the modern state and the newly founded Pahlavi dynasty through a top-down modernization program. https://www.rahbordsyasi.ir/article_245451.html The Kurdistan Region of Iraq, due to its diverse ethnic and religious context, has always been an arena for complex security activities. The Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) policy towards religious minorities (including Yazidis, Christians and Kakaites), beyond human rights approaches, has been used as a strategic tool to gain international legitimacy and consolidate its position against the central Iraqi government. Using the descriptive-analytical method and the theoretical framework of Barry Buzan's "regional security" and Waltz's "structural realism", this research seeks to answer the question of what impact this region's policies towards these minorities have on the national security geometry of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The research findings show that this region's approach, by creating platforms for influence for trans-regional actors in Iran's peripheral regions, can fuel emerging security challenges such as information-security influence, weakening strategic depth and fueling identity faults in the west of the country. Finally, while criticizing passivity in purely security-related policymaking, the article suggests that the Islamic Republic of Iran, by adopting active "religious-economic diplomacy" and a structural presence in minority areas, move towards preventive management of the surrounding environment instead of a reactive approach, in order to prevent these minorities from becoming centers of insecurity. https://www.rahbordsyasi.ir/article_245450.html This research aims to analyze and explain the role of digital technologies, especially artificial intelligence and cyberspace, in the cultural and social transformations of a world in transition to the post-American hegemony era. The main research questions are: What impact has the decline of US hegemony had on global cultural and social developments? How have artificial intelligence and cyberspace played a role in shaping new cultural discourses? What strategies do new international actors use in the cultural arena? This research was conducted using a descriptive-analytical method and the study of documents and library resources. The required data were collected through the review of articles, books, reports from research centers, and authoritative international documents. The research findings show that the decline of US hegemony has led to a power vacuum in the cultural sphere. In such circumstances, digital technologies have allowed emerging actors to redefine global norms and values by producing and distributing alternative cultural content. Artificial intelligence, as a powerful facilitator, has allowed international actors to manage the narrative war on an unprecedented scale and speed. https://www.rahbordsyasi.ir/article_246625.html The present study aims to narrate the lived experience of Tehran residents of the American-Zionist War and its social consequences. This study, with a qualitative approach based on narrative analysis and content analysis, examines the representation of the war experience in everyday life, social relations, perception of resistance, and future perspectives. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and analyzed using coding and categorization methods.The findings show that the war experience is a multidimensional phenomenon and is accompanied by changes in life patterns, increased economic pressures, uncertainty, and psychological tensions. At the same time, social solidarity, family relationships, and informal support networks have played an important role in strengthening social resilience. Resistance has also been interpreted in the participants' narratives mainly in the form of maintaining daily life, social cohesion, and collective responsibility. Also, the look to the future of Iran shows a mixture of hope, concern, and uncertainty. In sum, the experience of war for the participants is not simply a military event, but a socio-semantic process in which the capacity to face crises is based on communication networks, cultural resources, and shared semantic frameworks. https://www.rahbordsyasi.ir/article_246597.html In Iran's security outlook until 2050, the threat of state terrorism, especially from powerful actors such as the United States and Israel, will become one of the main challenges. This study analyzes Iran's national security against international terrorism until 2050 using a descriptive and analytical method with the aim of analyzing terrorism trends and predicting its operational scenarios with a futures research approach. Based on the findings of this study, Iran will face various forms of state terrorism in the coming decades, including domestic terrorism, cyber attacks, information infiltration, regional operations, and physical terror of citizens by state and non-state actors, especially the United States and Israel, with the support and use of Salafi and separatist groups in line with their regional and trans-regional goals. As a result, effectively confronting it requires strengthening defense capacities, reviewing deterrent policies, developing regional cooperation, and providing preventive strategies for sustainable management of terrorist threats, among the most important solutions. https://www.rahbordsyasi.ir/article_246990.html As the strategic hub of global energy, the Persian Gulf region has emerged over the past decade as a primary arena for the geopolitical rivalry between the United States and China. This study examines the impacts of this bipolar competition on the maritime security architecture of the Persian Gulf between 2013 and 2025. The central question is: How has the transition from U.S. “unilateral hegemony” to “competitive rivalry” with China transformed the region’s maritime security architecture? The findings indicate that while the U.S. “Pivot to Asia” policy and the gradual reduction of its military footprint have created a vacuum, China’s strategy of “economic-security influence” (via the Belt and Road Initiative) has disrupted the pre-existing security structure. These developments have culminated in a complex “security dilemma” where China’s energy security needs increasingly clash with U.S. military deterrence priorities. The study concludes that transregional power rivalry has not only undermined stability in the Strait of Hormuz and critical waterways, but has also driven the maritime security architecture toward instability and fragmentation through the “securitization” of development projects and the escalation of an arms race among regional actors. https://www.rahbordsyasi.ir/article_246596.html The basis of this research is the framework of systems theory, which considers the administrative system and civil society as subsystems of a larger system and interacting with their environment. Undoubtedly, in today's complex societies with various crises, bureaucracy as a part of governance must be in a reciprocal relationship with society and its surroundings. Since systems theory pays attention to the relationship between the government and the people, and bureaucracy is related to the functional aspect and service provision of the government, paying attention to the monitorability of the administrative system and its relationship with civil society as two important components of the systems approach will lead to transparency, accountability, and efficiency of the administrative system, and consequently the political and administrative system will face functional and institutional legitimacy. Therefore, the question is; What are the mechanisms and obstacles to achieving effective monitorability of the Iranian administrative system in relation to civil society from the perspective of systems theory? It is assumed that the weakness in the organized relationship between the two subsystems of the administrative system and civil society prevents the effective monitorability of the bureaucracy. The purpose of the research is to; https://www.rahbordsyasi.ir/article_247022.html The October 7, 2023, and the subsequent war in Gaza have constituted not merely a military arena, but a battlefield of competing discourses over meaning, legitimacy, and the future of Palestine's political geography. This research aims to conduct a geopolitical analysis of the rivalry between Israeli security discourse and Palestinian sovereignty discourse in the post-October 7 order. The data consist of two landmark articles from the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, representing the two dominant discourses, selected through purposive sampling. Employing a combined theoretical framework of Laclau and Mouffe's discourse analysis and critical geopolitics, the data have been analyzed. The October 7 event ruptured the central signifier of "Israeli security," weakening deterrence, intelligence superiority, and conflict management. Conversely, Palestinian sovereignty discourse forges a new chain of equivalence around "Palestinian national sovereignty" by foregrounding ending occupation, territorial integrity, and political legitimacy. This confrontation is a hegemonic struggle over fundamental political ontology- "security" versus "the right to life and sovereignty"- a struggle over defining "life" and "political space." This study illuminates discourse's role in consolidating structural violence and foreclosing peace in Middle Eastern conflicts. https://www.rahbordsyasi.ir/article_247334.html The current research with Fairclough's analytical-descriptive approach sought to extract psychological and sociological discourses in the Trumpist movement. Analysis at the level of description shows Trump's extensive use of power vocabulary; The use of taboo words and disdain of opponents is irony, repetition and emphasis, and the aspect is informative and commanding. At the level of his interpretation, in the context of the vacuum and defect of American liberal democracy, he is promoting the movement of nationalist and authoritarian populism, which by benefiting from the clear gaps of liberal democracy, is getting closer to its successor, neo-fascism; Such a situation at the level of explanation, Trump's speeches in the form of Trump the global superhero; It showed America establishing world peace by force and power, determining the fate of other nations, antagonizing and alienating the opponents, expelling non-whites from America and shaping America as a white and Christian country, and finally showing the terrorism of Muslims on a large scale. Such discourse leads to terrible consequences in human relations; the inner trust of man in his life; The feeling of lack of identity and loss of hope for the future of humanity is similar to the situation in Middle East. https://www.rahbordsyasi.ir/article_247520.html Abstract The present study was conducted with the aim of identifying obstacles to achieving social justice and presenting a desirable policy-making model based on good governance in Iran. In this regard, a qualitative approach and the Causal Layer Analysis (CLA) method were used for a multi-level analysis of political, cultural, discursive, and institutional structures. Data were semi-structured interviews with experts and policymakers and examined at four levels of analysis: (1) mythological and metaphorical layer; (2) social and cultural structure; (3) structural causes; and (4) surface discourses. The findings show that justice-oriented policymaking in Iran faces challenges such as subjective and institutional authoritarianism, weak social capital, reduction of justice to spending, lack of an effective evaluation system, and discursive sloganeering. The research ultimately led to the development of a proposed model for justice-oriented policymaking that is based on four key axes: discursive transformation, institutional reform, participatory policymaking, and equitable redistribution of resources https://www.rahbordsyasi.ir/article_247521.html China, as one of the world's major economic powers, has adopted an ambitious strategy to attain the leading position in the global economy. In this regard, it seeks to develop and expand its relations with various regions of the world, among which the Islamic world, particularly Pakistan, occupies a prominent place. Accordingly, this article employs a descriptive-analytical approach to address the following question: What impact does China’s economic diplomacy toward the Islamic world have on Pakistan’s position? The main hypothesis suggests that, given the extensive economic cooperation between the two countries, the implementation of joint economic projects and large-scale Chinese investments in Pakistan will transform Islamabad into Beijing’s economic and commercial partner in the Islamic world as well as in South and West Asia. The findings indicate that the expansion of China–Pakistan economic relations can strengthen China’s regional and international standing and image while also facilitating the enhancement of foreign investment attraction in Pakistan.