This article examines the transformation of Saudi foreign policy from the “threat balancing” model to “interest balancing” and its security implications for the Islamic Republic of Iran. The study’s hypothesis posits that Riyadh’s policy between 2003 and 2020 was primarily focused on containing Iran militarily and forming anti-Iranian alliances. However, after 2021, it shifted toward prioritizing economic interests, regional stability, and diversifying partnerships.



This transition has created dual consequences for Iran. In the short term, it has led to reduced tensions and active diplomacy. However, in the long run, the potential formation of new alliances centered around Saudi Arabia and Israel, along with Riyadh becoming a more independent actor through diverse cooperation with China and Russia, could pose new security challenges for Tehran.



The research employs a qualitative methodology, specifically a case study using process tracing. Data were collected through library and documentary methods and analyzed using content analysis within a combined theoretical framework. The findings indicate that this transition was primarily driven by the reduction of US security commitments, the escalating costs of the Yemen war, and Saudi Arabia’s vital need for stability to implement “Vision 2030.”