A study of the rise and fall of great powers reveals a pattern of defining rules and structures to suit their own interests. The events of September 11, 2001, marked a turning point in this strategic trajectory, shifting approaches to international security and redefining the relationship between security and human rights.

Drawing on a theoretical framework and employing a descriptive-analytical method, this study examines and analyzes three instances of sanctions imposed by major powers. By comparing the imposition and implementation of Western sanctions against Iran, Russia, and Belarus with the stances and reactions of major powers regarding Pakistan, Israel, and Saudi Arabia, the double standards of major powers toward certain countries are demonstrated.

The findings indicate that, in imposing sanctions on Iran, Russia, and Belarus, the United States and Europe—acting in accordance with their own interests and power—constructed these nations as the "Other" and consequently enforced harsh, serious sanctions; conversely, they defined the conduct of countries such as Pakistan, Israel, and Saudi Arabia as that of the "Self," adopting a policy of double standards regarding human rights through quiet, flexible, and supportive diplomacy.