Journal of Political Strategy

The Identify, Quantify and Prioritize Dimensions and components of Jihadi Management Model at Armed Forces Level (Case Study: Dafos AJA University)

alireza Akbari Samakosh; Mohammadreza Bagherzadeh; Asadollah Mehrara; Mohammad Salmantabar

Volume 6, Issue 4 , February 2023

Abstract

  The aim of this study was to identify, quantify and prioritize the dimensions and components of jihadi management through the exploratory mixed exploration model research method. Its ...  Read More The aim of this study was to identify, quantify and prioritize the dimensions and components of jihadi management through the exploratory mixed exploration model research method. Its statistical population in the qualitative section, Includes experts composed of professors, managers, commanders, senior officials of Army of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran National Defense University and MalikAshtar, in the quantitative section of the faculty members, students, administrators and staff of Davos University, 350 people and in the ranking section, Qualitative experts and faculty members They were Davos. In the qualitative part of Purposeful sampling method, 20 people were selected, in the quantitative part by the relative stratified method based on the Cochran's formula, 183 people and in the prioritization section, 35 people were selected by purposive non-random method. Data in the qualitative part through Delphi technique, inthe quantitative part through structural equation modeling with 104-item questionnaire and in the prioritization part through hierarchical analysis, extracted and using SPSS, SmartPLS was analyzed. Validity and reliability were confirmed in qualitative and quantitative stages. Findings showed that the final model had 4 dimensions (leadership behavior, follower behavior, contextual and structural) and22 components, which were more important after leadership behavior and the central province component.

---

• View Article

Investigating the impact of social gaps on the level of political participation in the Islamic Republic of Iran (with an emphasis on the theory of the crisis of political participation)

nima shab afrouz

Volume 7, Issue 3 , December 2023

Abstract

  The gap and social inequalities are one of the important issues of many societies today, and the country of Iran is facing this problem more than ever before due to the new economic ...  Read More The gap and social inequalities are one of the important issues of many societies today, and the country of Iran is facing this problem more than ever before due to the new economic and political conditions and the lack of efficient management. Political participation expresses how citizens with different participation attitudes take advantage of the opportunities provided by the political system and social institutions. Citizens who are well informed are more likely to participate in political affairs. What is the relationship between social gaps and political participation? The most basic orientations to political participation on the part of citizens are related to the political behavior of statesmen. Interest in politics and active and spontaneous participatory behavior on the part of citizens, having a relationship Positive with political participation, which other political attitudes are based on. These attitudes include political effectiveness and political trust. Those societies that are ineffective in creating a stable and effective government are also ineffective in creating mutual trust among citizens. The main question of the research is, what effect will the widening and thickening of social divides have on the level of political participation and electoral behavior in the Islamic Republic of Iran?

---

• View Article

Analyzing the factors affecting the axis of resistance in regional policies in West Asia (goals and interests)

Hojjat Allah Safarpoor; Hossein Ahmadi; Morteza Abazari

Volume 5, Issue 17 , September 2021, , Pages 249-268

Abstract

  The Islamic Republic of Iran, Hezbollah in Lebanon, resistance groups in Palestine, Ansarullah in Yemen, the people of Iraq, Syria and Bahrain are among the most well-known members ...  Read More The Islamic Republic of Iran, Hezbollah in Lebanon, resistance groups in Palestine, Ansarullah in Yemen, the people of Iraq, Syria and Bahrain are among the most well-known members of the Islamic Resistance in the region. In order to conduct this research, which has been written in a descriptive-analytical manner and is called the impact of the axis of resistance on the regional policies of the United States in West Asia, the question has been asked: how the axis of resistance is US interests in the West Affects Asia? To answer this question, two hypotheses were put forward: 1. The axis of resistance has hindered the realization of American interests and goals in West Asia, and its function as a regional and supraregional power has strengthened the concept of resistance. The findings of the study indicate that: The US goal in the Middle East is not just the fight against terrorism. By supporting extremist groups in Syria, the United States wants to overthrow the government of Bashar al-Assad and put pressure on the Islamic Republic of Iran, as well as the collapse of the resistance.

---

• View Article
• PDF 806.13 K

Oligarchy and the failure of economic development programs in Iran in the 1970s

Mohammad Radmard; Ali Azarimoghadam; Adel Faryabi

Volume 5, Issue 16 , May 2021, , Pages 261-281

Abstract

  Economic development in today's world is a concern of many states. The important issue is that, first, how states can be on the path to development, and, second, what procedure can ...  Read More Economic development in today's world is a concern of many states. The important issue is that, first, how states can be on the path to development, and, second, what procedure can take place in order for them not to fall out of orbit. The results of development in Iran in the 1960s and the growth and reconstruction taken place at this period reveal that development may be a temporary achievement, a process after which the crisis and acute financial and economic conditions were experienced. Now, the question we seek to answer is: Why did the economic development program in Iran in the Pahlavi era fail despite the initial positive efforts put forth in the 1970s? This paper tries to answer this question by using inclusive institutions and exploitative institutions concepts of Oglu and Robinson and applying them in Iran of the 1960s and 1970s, and to show that the upper hand of politics can cut the roots of economic development programs and abort a development process and path and cause deviation. This study is conducted using a descriptive-analytical method. The required data are gathered using library study.

---

• View Article
• PDF 781.24 K

A comparative study of the position of the government and citizens in the era of globalization in Germany and France

Zaniyar Peyvandi; Somayeh Ghanbari

Volume 7, Issue 4 , December 2023, , Pages 283-302

Abstract

  Globalization is an inevitable process that means internationalization and eliminating geographical boundaries. The thinkers of different countries talk about the world in a different ...  Read More Globalization is an inevitable process that means internationalization and eliminating geographical boundaries. The thinkers of different countries talk about the world in a different way, there is not much consensus about it. Today, globalization is the most obvious trend in the convergence of countries, the most important aspect of which is the economic aspect. On the other hand, currently citizenship rights are one of the important legal topics both at the domestic and international level, in the meantime, the French and German constitutions pay attention to citizenship rights and the difference of ethnicity.does not include race and language in enjoying this right. In this article, the attempt is to describe and analyze globalization and its effects on citizenship rights, while defining comprehensively and completely the concept of globalization, the challenges of globalization as well as the positive consequences. And its negative aspects should be examined in relation to citizenship rights. In the following, the effects of globalization on citizenship rights and ways to promote citizenship rights in the age of globalization are described and explained. The research hypothesis is that the available evidence indicates a positive effect of globalization on citizenship rights

---

• View Article
• PDF 805.43 K

Command and Control of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Maintaining Security of the Middle East

Ali Akbar Jafari

Volume 4, Issue 14 , December 2020, , Pages 311-324

Abstract

      National security in the world of globalization requires efficient command and. In this complex matrix of international politics, the Middle East suffers from a lack ...  Read More     National security in the world of globalization requires efficient command and. In this complex matrix of international politics, the Middle East suffers from a lack security, which have always been the most troubled region in the world. Iran has been the cradle of one of the greatest civilizations in the world. The country has incurred heavy costs in recent decades due to insecurity in the Middle East. Given this fact, we seek to answer the question of how Iran, can command and control the insecurities in the Middle East to ensure more lasting national security. The hypothesis of the present study is that this country will play a role in ensuring and controlling the security of the Middle East to security and also Bandwagoning other nation-states and movements. The findings of the study indicate that due to the many commonalities between the nations and the change in the type of political systems and the establishment of democratic systems, lasting peace and security will be ensured. In this research, an attempt has been made to explain the capabilities of this country in utilizing the capabilities of the Middle East regional system and creating a new construction of a safer regional system.

---

• View Article
• PDF 866.3 K

Investigating the parameters of Trump's foreign policy in the Middle East(From the beginning to the departure of the (JCPOA)

Alireza Beheshti; Esmaeil Shafiee

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 20 February 2022

Abstract

  Foreign policy has differed at various points in its history from influential actors in the international system. With Donald Trump's arrival at the White House, US foreign policy vis-à-vis ...  Read More Foreign policy has differed at various points in its history from influential actors in the international system. With Donald Trump's arrival at the White House, US foreign policy vis-à-vis different countries has changed dramatically, with differences in Obama's foreign policy. Trump's emphasis on economic variables, given the background of his economic activities, did not enable him to use interactive approaches to resolve tensions and disputes with some governments in the Middle East on the one hand and resolve conflicts between governments in the Middle East on the other. Power, security, and balance of power in the Middle East were considered the most central concepts in the international arena of his foreign policy vis-à-vis the Middle East during his presidency. Leaving Bridgewater is one of the most significant examples of the Trump administration's distance from the interactive and peaceful approaches in the Middle East. In the present paper, the components of economic hegemony, Islamic divergence under the pretext of terrorism, unilateralism, and increased deterrence in Trump's foreign policy toward the Middle East are examined in a descriptive-analytical approach based on Kenneth Waltz's realism approach.

---

• View Article

Identity Conflicts in Contemporary Iran; Continuity in rupture

mozaffar hasanvand; farshad aenadar; mohammad mahdavi ara

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 23 August 2021

Abstract

  Identity systems are formed based on distinct propositions and components and from and Thought and sociological perspective, in transitional societies each of the identity systems, ...  Read More Identity systems are formed based on distinct propositions and components and from and Thought and sociological perspective, in transitional societies each of the identity systems, In problem analysis, decision-making and action play a role based on their preferences. In the research, this question has been evaluated that, in what areas and issues should the most important reasons for the continuity and attachment of confrontations and identity challenges (from the Constitution to the first decade of the revolution) be sought? The results of the research, considering that no phenomenon or action is formed in a vacuum, Indicates that due to the lack of transition from the traditional situation and the lack of sovereignty of the rules of the democratic game, the most important reasons for the continuation of identity confrontations and challenges are: lack of common consensus in the way of playing and defining concepts (one-dimensional cognition) and as a result, misapprehension recognizing issues, authoritarianism, absolutism, Inattention to the construction of national identity, Weak culture of tolerance and political moderation. Descriptive-analytical-comparative research method and the method of collecting contents is library.

---

• View Article
• PDF 890.74 K

The Impact of Ideology on the Strategy of Terrorist Groups in the Fight Against America; A Case Study of Al-Qaeda

Song Jiangbo; Wang Zezhuang

Volume 4, Issue 12 , June 2020, , Pages 1-19

Abstract

  The purpose of this article is to examine the ideology of the al-Qaeda terrorist group and its impact on its strategy to combat the US. The main question of this article is how will ...  Read More The purpose of this article is to examine the ideology of the al-Qaeda terrorist group and its impact on its strategy to combat the US. The main question of this article is how will al-Qaeda's ideologies influence its strategies to fight the US? A brief review of the existing literature reveals that a few have explored the ideologies and strategies of the terrorist group and much of the literature on the origins of terror, terrorist motivations, and counter-terrorism responses. Al-Qaeda's ideology is deeply international in its kind and seeks to frame regional and local conflicts in a broader context such as the war against apostates and infidels. Al-Qaeda's strategy stems from its ideology, with Al-Qaeda's top strategic priorities mobilizing Muslims for a global jihad against the West and overthrowing apostate regimes, especially Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Pakistan.

---

• View Article
• PDF 910.11 K

Assessing Iran's Position in Putin's Eurasian Doctrine (2012 -2020)

Masomeh mohammadi; mehdi Javdani moghadam

Volume 3, Issue 11 , March 2020, , Pages 1-23

Abstract

  Iran and Russia are two important countries that have historically been in contiguous neighborhood relations, over and over. These relations are influenced by many different variables ...  Read More Iran and Russia are two important countries that have historically been in contiguous neighborhood relations, over and over. These relations are influenced by many different variables - including the historical background of Russian interventions in Iranian internal affairs, the type of Iran-Russia interaction with the West, Russian pragmatism and the role of ideology in Iranian foreign relations, the promotion or decline of Iran-Russia power and influence in the region. And in the international system and ... - it has led to the pursuit of the two countries' interactions with sophistication, billing and expansion. Meanwhile, according to some analysts, since Putin's power as Russian president, relations between the two countries under the influence of Putin's Eurasian doctrine and changes in the power equation in the Southwest Asian region have improved in military, economic and cultural security. This research seeks to test this view on the question of what factors and at what level did Iran's rise in Putin's Eurasian doctrine come to pass during this period (2012 to 2020)? The findings of this descriptive-analytic study show that variables such as Russia's attempt to regulate and politico-economic institutionalization in the Eurasian region and counteract US hegemonic goals in the region and increase Iran's strategic power after South Asian political and social developments The West has sharply promoted Iran's position in Putin's Eurasian doctrine

---

• View Article
• PDF 1.01 M

Exploring the Domestic and International Conditions of the 1919 Contract (Dimensions and Approaches)

Saeed Jahangiri; ebrahim mottaghi; shahrokh ashjae mahdavi

Volume 3, Issue 10 , December 2019, , Pages 1-18

Abstract

  One of the most important political currents was the constitutional period of the 1919 treaty, which was dated 18 August 1298. It was closed by the then Prime Minister of the reign ...  Read More One of the most important political currents was the constitutional period of the 1919 treaty, which was dated 18 August 1298. It was closed by the then Prime Minister of the reign of Ahmad Shah. The 1919 Iran-England contract was a major turning point in Iranian history in the modern era, and in our country's relations with England. It was widely believed that if the Reuter Treaty had provided all of Britain's wealth resources, the 1919 treaty would have yielded both wealth and power to Britain. Vosough al-Dawlah, however, saw the deal as a step toward preserving the country's territorial integrity and believed that the deal would prevent Khuzestan's sovereignty. The failure of this contract resulted in the coup d'état of March 1299 (1921), the emergence of Reza Khan, the establishment of the Pahlavi government

---

• View Article
• PDF 599.99 K

China-US Competition in South China Sea

hossein deheshyar; morteza najmabadi; Ramin Bakhshi

Volume 3, Issue 9 , September 2019, , Pages 1-41

Abstract

  China's actions in recent years in the South China Sea, and in particular China's approach, including island construction and property claims and monopoly of resources, have caused ...  Read More China's actions in recent years in the South China Sea, and in particular China's approach, including island construction and property claims and monopoly of resources, have caused divisions in the region. At first it may seem like a fight over a few cliffs and islands, but the reality is different. The United States, a trans-regional country, has no share in the dispute, but it is active in the region for reasons such as confronting China's rise and supporting its allies. The present study seeks to elucidate some of the key issues such as the importance of the South China Sea, identifying the interests and concerns of the US and China in this sea to the fundamental question of what is the main cause of China-US competition in the South China Sea. The hypothesis tested and answered in the main question is that China's efforts to control and monopolize sovereignty in the region, which enhances its power, lead to fierce opposition from the United States and, inevitably, to a wider US presence. The balance of China again. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library method based on evidence and documents.

---

• View Article
• PDF 897.91 K

Women's rights in Islam and the Convention prohibiting any discrimination against women

Saeed Jahangiri; naser garousi

Volume 3, Issue 8 , June 2019, , Pages 1-22

Abstract

  In Islam, equality of values ​​between men and women and the same way of progress are an essential principle for both of them, and this undoubtedly means that women's rights are ...  Read More In Islam, equality of values ​​between men and women and the same way of progress are an essential principle for both of them, and this undoubtedly means that women's rights are highly respected. On the other hand, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women is a set of articles on women's rights that was adopted by the UN General Assembly in Resolution No. 180/34 on December 27, 1979, and is open to signature and accession by States. Women's rights in Islam and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women are addressed in two terms (discrimination or difference), and the researcher, in addition to referring to generalities, identifies and analyzes the contradictions in this issue in Islam and the Convention.

---

• View Article
• PDF 558.06 K

International Political Economy From the Jurisprudential Viewpoint of Supreme Leader

seyed mohammad Sadatinejad; Ehsan Jafari Far

Volume 2, Issue 7 , December 2019, , Pages 1-30

Abstract

  This article first deals with the concept of international political economy and its history and its theoretical foundations, as well as the general view of Islam on the economy, and ...  Read More This article first deals with the concept of international political economy and its history and its theoretical foundations, as well as the general view of Islam on the economy, and then the jurisprudential view of the supreme leader in the field of political economy. International was examined in two categories of principles and jurisprudential principles. The principles, foundations and general principles derived from jurisprudential sources that are transdisciplinary and not specific to the field of international political economy. Have the time requirements. In examining the jurisprudential principles of international political economy from the point of view of the Supreme Leader, the foundations of God-centeredness, unbelief, Islam-centered, spiritual-centered, provincial-oriented, ethical-oriented, justice-centered, and cruelty were extracted and examined in the jurisprudential principles of economics. International Politics, 13 Principles Including Resistance Economics, Economic Freedom, Economic Benefit, Islamic State Supervision and Control of Economic Activities to Prevent Rhetoric, Economics of Political Excellence in the International System, Public Welfare and Economic Justice, Fight against Corruption And economic, economic cooperation among Islamic countries, privatization of the economy, increased productivity National will and social justice, the rejection of colonialism, self-reliance, and the rejection of infidelity over Muslims and the independence of the Islamic State were extracted.

---

• View Article
• PDF 700.69 K

Investigating and Explaining the Russian-American Relations Based on the Theory of Neorealism

mahdi bagi mojarad; saeeid vousoughi; shahrouz ebrahimi

Volume 1, Issue 3 , March 2018, , Pages 1-20

Abstract

  The main question of the present study is, what steps has the United States and Russia as the two great powers in the international system gone through since the Cold War? In answer ...  Read More The main question of the present study is, what steps has the United States and Russia as the two great powers in the international system gone through since the Cold War? In answer to this question, in addition to the Kenneth Waltz New Theoretic Approach, he analyzes the US-Russian relationship during the Cold War, the post-Cold War era that coincided with the period of tensions decline, and the new Cold War era, again similar to the Cold War era. The Cold War has intensified rivalries between the United States and Russia over the supply of the international system and Russia's peripheral environment. The authors of the present study believe that in the coming decades Russia and the US are likely to enter into intense security competition and have a significant impact on the security arrangements of the international system that would signal the beginning of a new Cold War era.

---

• View Article

Russia's Middle East Policy after the Arab Revolutions: A Case Study of Syria

seyed hasan mirfakhraee

Volume 1, Issue 2 , December 2017, , Pages 1-24

Abstract

  The wave of revolutionary uprisings in the Arab countries of the Middle East, on the one hand, led to the overthrow of the ruling governments in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, and Yemen, and ...  Read More The wave of revolutionary uprisings in the Arab countries of the Middle East, on the one hand, led to the overthrow of the ruling governments in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, and Yemen, and on the other, provided the space for civil war in Syria. As the revolutionary movement in the region expanded, Russia pursued a status quo approach to its security, political and economic preferences and based its strategy on supporting the rule of law in Damascus. This provided the basis for, and in some cases extended cooperation with, some actors in the region. The present article attempts to explain the importance of expanding Russia's presence in the Middle East, especially after the revolutionary upheavals, using a descriptive-analytical approach based on the theory of "offensive realism". The findings suggest that Russia's policy is based on preventing the escalation of the upsurge in the Eurasian region and also playing a greater role in international equations following the vacuum caused by the US presence in the region, which is the reason for Moscow's divergence and convergence with some. The actors also reveal the area.

---

• View Article
• PDF 682.2 K

Discourse Space, Iranian Ideology and Its Rule on Foreign Policy Discourse of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the Middle East

Mohammad Hassan Shaykh al-Islami; Mokhtar Rahimi; Ali Gasemi Fard

Volume 1, Issue 1 , August 2017, , Pages 1-20

Abstract

  Discourse is a system of interrelated meanings in which a set of signs are structured as a whole and their meanings are consolidated and social practices are formed. The interaction ...  Read More Discourse is a system of interrelated meanings in which a set of signs are structured as a whole and their meanings are consolidated and social practices are formed. The interaction of "self" and "other" over constructed and reality becomes meaningful and understandable. Terrorism is one of the vague words in the international arena, which, because of the complexity of the concept and its implications, face a kind of crisis of meaning in defining and redefining territory. Definitions of terrorism and its dimensions appear to be derived from discursive and propaganda constructs rather than conformity with the objectivity and acceptance of the value / reality dualism. The article seeks to answer the question of what are the most important factors of the Islamic Republic of Iran's foreign policy in the Middle East. The present study investigates the Iranian discourse, ideals and myths and their impact on the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In order to achieve this goal, the relationship between discourse and foreign policy is briefly discussed first. In this section, while illustrating how this discourse was formed and shaped, it is stated that the discourse establishes a new Islamic-Iranian identity, thereby defining its national goals and interests based on Islamic identity and revolutionary discourse in the Middle East.

---

• View Article
• PDF 602.96 K

Donald Trump Foreign Policy Analysis in the Middle East and Challenges to It (Dimensions and Approaches)

Seyyed Alireza Azgandi; Saeed Jahangiri

Volume 2, Issue 5 , September 2018, , Pages 1-25

Abstract

  The main objective of this article is to examine US foreign policy with the pioneering government of Donald Tramp and seek to rethink the presence of the United States and its interests ...  Read More The main objective of this article is to examine US foreign policy with the pioneering government of Donald Tramp and seek to rethink the presence of the United States and its interests in a region of major importance for the Middle East. The paper also examines Tramp's declared policy on the Middle East and the challenges it faces. The main question of the article is that what is the foreign policy of Tramp in the Middle East based on? In response to the hypothesis of the article, there are several factors involved in US decision-making and foreign policy, and Donald Trump's government, in pursuit of the goals of the United States and its government, contrary to its propaganda slogans and its opposition to policies The former president, as well as the decisive factors such as the pressure of the Zionist lobbies, Saudi Arabia dollars and other factors, have withdrawn from their declarations and inevitably forced them to follow the policies of the past (in the Middle East) And even seeks to increase tensions in the region.

---

• View Article
• PDF 672.1 K

Challenges of the ICC’s Ruling on Jurisdiction Based on the Mechanism of Article 19(3) of the Statute in The Myanmar Situation and its Justification in its Jurisprudence

Javad Salehi

Volume 4, Issue 15 , March 2021, , Pages 1-13

Abstract

  The function of the ICC prosecutor based on the mechanism of article 19(3) of the statute to the ICC’s ruling on jurisdiction in the Myanmar situation is one of the unprecedented ...  Read More The function of the ICC prosecutor based on the mechanism of article 19(3) of the statute to the ICC’s ruling on jurisdiction in the Myanmar situation is one of the unprecedented ICC jurisprudence. Achieving its goals requires overcoming the possible challenges and justifying them in the ICC jurisprudence. A critical study of the dimensions and samples of these challenges is one of the objectives and topics of this paper, which is considered in an analytical descriptive method and based on the provisions of the statute and ICC jurisprudence. The main question is what are the challenges due to the ruling on jurisdiction in the Myanmar situation and its justification on the ICC jurisprudence? The research findings show that the ruling on jurisdiction in the Myanmar situation upon preconditions necessities, distinct from admissibility, non-support of Myanmar membership in the ICC or UN Security Council’s referrals.

---

• View Article
• PDF 616.18 K

Iran's Naval Defense Strategy

alireza rezaei; Ghasem Torabi

Volume 4, Issue 15 , March 2021, , Pages 15-25

Abstract

      Given to the impacts of the Iran-Iraq war and strategic importance and geographical situation of Hormoz strait, Islamic Republic of Iran Navy has adopted the asymmetric ...  Read More     Given to the impacts of the Iran-Iraq war and strategic importance and geographical situation of Hormoz strait, Islamic Republic of Iran Navy has adopted the asymmetric defense pattern. In accordance, Iranian Naval force has deployed this naval policy with defensive aims and deterrent purpose against the enemy, through taking advantage of geographical situation and strategic importance of the region as well as focusing on Shiite-inspired concepts like martyrdom. This pattern concentrates on using the advanced technologies and modern weaponry in situation unexpected for the enemy. In other word, in this defense pattern, speed, ambiguity, spread and dispersion by the usage of armed speedboats, extensive mining and missile attacks from submarines and sites situated in the Persian Gulf shores and islands beside the combined and simultaneous air attack are considered key factors. Given to these issues, the article aims to evaluate principles of Iran’s naval defense pattern.

---

• View Article
• PDF 563.08 K

US presence in Afghanistan after 11 September events

Ali Darabi; Davood Taremi

Volume 3, Issue 10 , December 2019, , Pages 19-61

Abstract

  The collapse of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s was an opportunity for the United States to exercise its foreign policy in a unipolar world as a hegemonic power. The United States ...  Read More The collapse of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s was an opportunity for the United States to exercise its foreign policy in a unipolar world as a hegemonic power. The United States plays a key role in sustaining NATO by leading new threats, such as terrorism and Islamic fundamentalism, countering independent governments, and liberation movements opposed to Western development policies, in the leadership role of NATO (the organization that had been in crisis since the Soviet collapse). And the use of weapons of mass destruction, ensuring security and stability in the production, extraction, transmission of energy (oil and gas) and so on, all of which, according to the West, have implications for the Middle East. The 9/11 terrorist attacks can be seen as the most dramatic reflection of the US's arrogant and inhumane policies towards the Middle East and toward Muslims. The Bush administration, arguing that it had been attacked by terrorist operations, recognized the defense as its right and, in cooperation with the international community, was able to occupy Afghanistan. The United States attempted to place 9/11 as a means of achieving the short-term goal of combating terrorism and domination of the Middle East and a pretext for the long-term goal of stabilizing hegemony over the world system, as the US then divided the world into polar and hostile politics. Imperialist justify and practice

---

• View Article
• PDF 1.13 M

Obstacles to the realization of democracy in Central Asia

Yousof Karami; amin navakhti moghadam

Volume 4, Issue 12 , June 2020, , Pages 21-39

Abstract

  Democracy is today recognized as the most favorable form of political system in the last century and is spreading to most parts of the world. Many countries sought to establish a political ...  Read More Democracy is today recognized as the most favorable form of political system in the last century and is spreading to most parts of the world. Many countries sought to establish a political system in line with the democratic model and built their political, social, and economic structures on it. After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the independence of the Central Asian republics, these countries faced many challenges in terms of new restructuring. It replaces the communist order in these countries. Contrary to the existing view, given the past three decades of independence of these republics, we are witnessing the establishment of authoritarian regimes in the countries of the region in a manner that precipitates the totalitarian thinking left behind by the communist system. It seeks to answer the question of what are the internal barriers to democracy in these countries? And then to study them scientifically and analyze them. Researchers also believe that the existence of domestic political and social factors in these countries, such as the absence of a rule-based law, the absence of plural political parties, a weak civil society, and internal barriers to democracy are considered.

---

• View Article
• PDF 817.59 K

Investigation of the Convergence Process in ECO Economic Cooperation Organization

mohammadtaghi azarshab; mahdi saneei

Volume 1, Issue 3 , March 2018, , Pages 21-42

Abstract

  The process of globalization of the economy and its impact on the lives of different nations in recent years has made governments particularly keen on recognizing this phenomenon and ...  Read More The process of globalization of the economy and its impact on the lives of different nations in recent years has made governments particularly keen on recognizing this phenomenon and making the right decisions to reap the benefits and mitigate it, in order to achieve sustainable development and Balance requires attention to universal development. And for the sake of equitable prosperity and economic recovery in societies, the process of globalization must be guided. On the other hand, better management of this process requires the active participation of governments, especially developing countries, in international decision-making, and such cooperation is only possible through regional cooperation. The main question that this article addresses is the causes of convergence and divergence among the constituent members of the ECO. The hypothesis of the present study shows that the fundamental problem of the eco is not the lack of the necessary facilities and opportunities for economic cooperation, but the lack of political will and institutional infrastructure to dynamize the organization. Strategies are suggested to increase convergence in the ECO, including strengthening the ECO Secretariat and increasing the number of its experts, creating a suitable framework for private sector activity to further convergence, and given that the transport network is the most important comparative advantage for member states. Institutionalized Member States should allow foreign direct investment in this area.

---

• View Article
• PDF 777.58 K

Drug Restrictions Due to International Economic Sanctions against the Islamic Republic of Iran and Violation of International Human Rights Standards

seyed ali sadat akhavi; Ruhollah Maleki Azinabadi

Volume 1, Issue 1 , August 2017, , Pages 21-46

Abstract

  With the outbreak of the Islamic Revolution in Iran, US sanctions against the Islamic Republic of Iran have been one of the main features of US foreign policy against Iran; But UN and ...  Read More With the outbreak of the Islamic Revolution in Iran, US sanctions against the Islamic Republic of Iran have been one of the main features of US foreign policy against Iran; But UN and other world sanctions against Iran in recent years have affected all aspects of Iranian life in different ways. In other words, the restrictions imposed by the sanctions on banking, transportation, insurance, trade, international transactions and investments have created many difficulties for Iran and have had a major impact on the country's economy. In this regard, the health care system is not safe from the bite of sanctions and has endangered the lives of many patients, so the article assumes that drug restrictions resulting from international economic sanctions against the Islamic Republic of Iran cause gross violations. International human rights standards in the field of health and treatment.

---

• View Article
• PDF 1.07 M

Imam Khomeini's Jurisprudential View of International Relations

seyed mohammad Sadatinejad; Ehsan Jafari Far; seyed ali sadatinejaad

Volume 3, Issue 8 , June 2019, , Pages 23-63

Abstract

  In this research, using ijtihad methodology, jurisprudential texts of Imam Khomeini (RH) were studied and attempted to extract the legal view of Imam Khomeini (RH) in international ...  Read More In this research, using ijtihad methodology, jurisprudential texts of Imam Khomeini (RH) were studied and attempted to extract the legal view of Imam Khomeini (RH) in international relations. Accordingly, the jurisprudential view of this great jurisprudent was examined in terms of anthropology, ontology, epistemology, and methodology, and finally the hypothesis of this research that the jurisprudential view of Imam Khomeini (RH) to international relations like the jurists before It is itself based on the doctrinal divide of Islam and disbelief in Islam. At the same time, it was found that in light of the new international conditions, Imam Khomeini, while endorsing the concept of nation-state as one of the main elements of international relations, rejected the nationalism and proposed the concept of Shiite and Sunni unity and the concept of ummah. The Islamic unit has sought to address the conceptual challenge of al-Islam. He also sought to redefine the concept of al-Harb and present it in a new and modern way by rejecting the hegemony of the disbelievers, the exaltation of Islam, anti-Semitism and colonialism, and hostility to the US and the Zionist regime.

---

• View Article
• PDF 690.22 K