Journal of Political Strategy

Bilateral Cultural and Social Relations between Iran and the United States from the Beginning to the Victory of the Islamic Revolution of Iran (1829-1979)

esmaeil baibordi; alireza karimian

Volume 3, Issue 11 , March 2020, , Pages 25-62

Abstract

  The turning point in US-Iranian relations dates back to the early 19th century, and in general, the relations between the two countries at this time and even until World War II - albeit ...  Read More The turning point in US-Iranian relations dates back to the early 19th century, and in general, the relations between the two countries at this time and even until World War II - albeit with ups and downs - were largely confined to cultural, religious, and later to some extent economic relations. . Until 1920, US government officials were reluctant to attend Iran for various reasons, especially under the influence of Monroe's policy, but in mid-1320, due to new US assessments, this government had infiltrated Iran anyway. What's more. From this historic moment to the victory of the Islamic Revolution, Iran-US cooperation has gradually led to its widespread influence in political, social, cultural and economic affairs. Formally links with Western interests and expanding cultural and social relations are among the important issues of concern to the sovereignty of Iran in the 1940s. The United States is more interested in the Iranian authorities than in any other country. The purpose of this study is to briefly introduce the cultural and social activities of the United States of America in Iran and vice versa Iranian cultural and social activities in the United States until the victory of the Islamic Revolution of Iran

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The internal, regional and transnational origin of the Yemeni geopolitical crisis

suroush amiri; javad kiani

Volume 1, Issue 2 , December 2017, , Pages 25-57

Abstract

  Since its inception, Yemen has been in constant internal and regional crises, referring to the 1994 wars between northern and southern Yemen, as well as the invasion of its military ...  Read More Since its inception, Yemen has been in constant internal and regional crises, referring to the 1994 wars between northern and southern Yemen, as well as the invasion of its military force in 1962 by Gamal Abdel Nasser. As Yemen is located in southern Saudi Arabia, western Oman, east of the Red Sea and north of the Gulf of Aden, it has mastered the strategic strait of Bab al-Mandib, which is a vital vein of energy for the Horn of Africa, Saudi Arabia and especially Egypt. The Yemeni people have long had religious affiliations, including Shiites and Sunnis, who are currently Yemeni Shiites and Shiites. The Ismaili and Sufi religions are also on the next line. The Yemeni tribe is predominantly of the Yemeni youth. In this descriptive-analytical paper, we seek to answer this key question: What are the root causes of the Yemeni crisis that led to the expansion of the crisis? Yemen's geopolitical situation and the total internal turmoil seem to have expanded the scope of this geopolitical crisis internationally.

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Decision-Making and Collective Choice against Terrorism in the UNSC

Ali Akbar Jafari

Volume 4, Issue 15 , March 2021, , Pages 27-55

Abstract

  Decisions as outputs of international organizations are highly influenced by different motivations. Presence of veto powers, heterogeneity of preferences and the rules governing decisions ...  Read More Decisions as outputs of international organizations are highly influenced by different motivations. Presence of veto powers, heterogeneity of preferences and the rules governing decisions lead to study the decision-making in the United Nations Security Council. But the main puzzle of the current paper is to discover the motivations influencing on decision-making in the UNSC. According to our research, precedent and organizational doctrines guide the veto holders’ decisions. The costs of unilateral decisions push the members of UNSC to act based on collective bargaining and decisions which not only modify the opportunity structures but also help them to meet their rather different preferences. One of the most notable cases that these double doctrines are heavily visible in the UNSC activity is the area of the terrorism. In this case, the UNSC as an international political organization providing collective response to the international security threats by resorting to agreed language and political coalition.

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Study and explanation of proper governance in the governance approach of the Islamic Republic of Iran

seyed mostafa abtahi; hasan arayesh; farzali salari sardari

Volume 2, Issue 5 , September 2018, , Pages 27-64

Abstract

  Government is one of the basic needs to provide human perfection in Islam, the political and social dimensions of which must be examined from a Qur'anic perspective. An analysis of ...  Read More Government is one of the basic needs to provide human perfection in Islam, the political and social dimensions of which must be examined from a Qur'anic perspective. An analysis of the exact meaning of governance in the teachings of Islam, the Qur'anic characteristics of good governance by studying the verses of the Holy Qur'an, the importance of justice as an important approach in governance today and the paradigm of "good governance" as a common and dominant way of governing society worldwide It is different from the government. In this article, first "good governance and good governance" and its indicators are studied by "descriptive-analytical" method and then "proper governance" and its indicators in the Islamic Revolution are analyzed and finally, a number of indicators of good governance from the structure The system of the Islamic Republic of Iran has been compared with the characteristics of good governance from the religious and Islamic point of view, international institutions and thinkers. Examining the five main and basic indicators in governance, which are the same indicators that differ in meaning and basis. The content of theoretical views of good governance is based on human-centered, secularism and materialism, but good governance is based on God-centered, although it pays attention to matter and meaning and the world and the hereafter - both simultaneously.

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Review and Comparison of Iranian and Turkish Foreign Policy on Syrian Developments (Dimensions and Approaches)

Saeed Jahangiri; naser garousi

Volume 2, Issue 7 , December 2019, , Pages 31-47

Abstract

  Recent developments in Syria have undoubtedly been the most difficult internal challenge the Syrian regime has ever faced. These developments have confused many. This, of course, also ...  Read More Recent developments in Syria have undoubtedly been the most difficult internal challenge the Syrian regime has ever faced. These developments have confused many. This, of course, also relates to the role of regional governments in positioning and dealing with these important regional conflicts in Syria and the importance of this country to regional developments. Undoubtedly, the crisis in Syria is not limited to its internal borders and has important regional and even global impacts. The Syrian crisis has affected Iran and Turkey, posing challenges to their relations. The approaches pursued by Iran and Turkey in recent years in the field of foreign policy are rooted in the historical differences and behavior of policymakers and the motives of the two countries. It is the difference between Iran's and Turkey's strategic goals that determine the views and policies of the two countries on developments in Syria. The behavior of Tehran and Ankara, the Syrian crisis and other regional tensions, and of course the developments in the Arab world, have a decisive role in defining the Middle East perspective. This study seeks to answer the question of what are the goals of Iran and Turkey's foreign policy towards Syria and what are the regional implications of these goals?

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NATO's position in designing America's Cold War strategy (with emphasis on the Middle East)

Davood Taremi; Farideh Mohammadalipour

Volume 4, Issue 12 , June 2020, , Pages 41-66

Abstract

       The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is the product of post-World War II international conditions. NATO was established as a regional security regime ...  Read More      The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is the product of post-World War II international conditions. NATO was established as a regional security regime aimed at countering Soviet expansionism. NATO was in a crisis of identity with the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, which no longer saw the strategic enemy on its way. In its monopoly world, the United States has sought to preserve NATO and extend its influence from Europe to other parts of the world, especially the Middle East, in pursuit of its development goals. The 9/11 incident was a turning point in the new NATO security approach, for the first time that it went beyond Western Europe and deployed a large number of troops to the Middle East (Afghanistan). By presenting a new definition of threats, in the new international context, NATO has identified a wide range of global issues as new sources of threat and has paved the way for its role in any part of the world where its interests warrant. Going back to the research objective that seeks to examine NATO's position in US grand strategy and the US influence on NATO after the end of the Cold War, the research hypothesis states that in the monopoly world, NATO as a political-military arm, a tool for the US and under Its leadership has been to achieve US expansionist policies in every part of the world (the Middle East).

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Citizenship rights and promoting good urban governance

Syed Javad Hosseini

Volume 3, Issue 9 , September 2019, , Pages 43-62

Abstract

  By examining the impact of citizenship on the promotion of good urban governance, this research has concluded that citizenship is one of the most important issues of any system and ...  Read More By examining the impact of citizenship on the promotion of good urban governance, this research has concluded that citizenship is one of the most important issues of any system and of the needs of any society today and that a good governance model can provide a new theory in responding to Provide and guarantee economic, social, cultural and collective rights. Good governance theory, which is a model for sustainable human development with a mechanism of practical interaction with features such as participation, transparency, accountability, effectiveness, efficiency and the rule of law. The importance of this article is that today, due to the overwhelming expansion of urbanization and physical development of cities, developing countries are facing problems such as environmental pollution, inadequate housing supply, lack of employment, urban poverty and social, economic and other inequalities. Are facing. Urban Management in Iran Due to its centralization, sectoral management and extroverted urban plans, it is far from participatory management practices and good urban governance, and the vacancy of active citizens in managing Iranian cities is felt. The concept of good urban governance emphasizes the interaction of the public and private sectors and the citizens in managing the urban affairs in a horizontal way and illustrates some of the weaknesses of traditional governance structures and of the state. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between citizenship rights and the realization of indicators of good urban governance to achieve a sustainable city.

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The Influence of the Islamic Revolution of Iran on the Stability and Dynamics of the Evolutionary Process of Islamic Awakening and the Change of Power Equations in the Middle East

mohammadreza alefi

Volume 1, Issue 3 , March 2018, , Pages 43-67

Abstract

  The sustainability and dynamics of the evolutionary process of Islamic awakening is one of the most important concerns and concerns of many concerned with this movement. This has become ...  Read More The sustainability and dynamics of the evolutionary process of Islamic awakening is one of the most important concerns and concerns of many concerned with this movement. This has become increasingly evident since the hegemonic countries, by interfering with the situation of the revolutionary Islamic countries in the region, sought to seize and destroy its popular governments. With the rise of Islamism and the world's approach to religion and spirituality in recent decades and the rise of Islamic awakening following the Islamic Revolution in Iran, the Western world and the dominant countries have felt threatened to confront and suppress it, and with increasing political, military pressure. Destroy the economy, impose war, equip insurgents, and support extremist and Salafist groups, and so on. Islamic awakening is a sign of the power, grandeur, dynamism, sense of identity, vitality and vitality of Islam in the contemporary world. The present study, with the benefit of interpretive methodology and futuristic research, has achieved these results by re-establishing religious values ​​and consciousness in Islamic society, building self-esteem, fostering anti-arrogant spirit, fostering Islamic unity and instilling a spirit of action. Its comprehensive support for the Islamic movement was able to guide this movement and make it more purposeful and powerful than ever for the ultimate goal, which is the material and spiritual excellence of Muslims.

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Turkey's position in EU foreign policy during Erdogan's two terms before and after the coup

alireza mohammadkhani; rasool hasanlo

Volume 1, Issue 1 , August 2017, , Pages 47-79

Abstract

  One of Turkey's most important goals in recent years has been to join the European Union. Membership in this union brings many benefits to countries. On the other hand, the developed ...  Read More One of Turkey's most important goals in recent years has been to join the European Union. Membership in this union brings many benefits to countries. On the other hand, the developed European countries also intend to increase their political and economic influence in the world with the border development of the European Union, and on the other hand, they enumerate the problems and difficulties in order for Turkey to join the European Union. Turkey has made major reforms in recent years to accept its membership in the European Union. Accordingly, and as a result of the implementation of these reforms, we are witnessing a decrease in the role of the military and a change in the rights of minorities and more respect for human rights in this country, which after the reforms by the Turkish government we have seen a positive trend in negotiations. Since the 2016 coup and Erdogan's actions against the coup, Europeans have changed their minds about the Turkish government, and the growing process of negotiations between the union and Turkey to join the union has faced major problems. In this regard, this article uses the theory of convergence to answer the question of whether Turkey's position in EU foreign policy has changed after the coup? Based on this, the article hypothesizes that Turkey's position in EU foreign policy after the 2016 coup seems to be in a good position for reasons such as human rights, the Turkish government's pessimistic view of Europe and the problem of immigrants before the coup. Not be. The research method is based on descriptive-analytical research strategy.

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The US role in the Syrian crisis with emphasis on Michael Burcher's crisis management model

AMIRHOUSHANG MIRKOUSHESH; bahador nokandeh; seyyed hossein babaie pahne kolaie

Volume 2, Issue 7 , December 2019, , Pages 49-76

Abstract

  The Middle East region is a place of great power struggle and a place of crisis because of its strategically appropriate position. Situations such as contact with open water, convenient ...  Read More The Middle East region is a place of great power struggle and a place of crisis because of its strategically appropriate position. Situations such as contact with open water, convenient transit land, and mineral and oil resources. The presence of powers such as Russia, Iran, Saudi Arabia and Israel all led the US to enter the Syrian crisis for the reasons outlined in this article. This paper is a descriptive-analytical study aimed at examining the US objectives in the Syrian crisis based on Michael Burcher's crisis management model based on the causes of the crisis according to the theory of chaos. In this paper, after analyzing the Syrian crisis, Michael Burcher's perspective on independent variables is examined, followed by the actor-dependent variable in this article. In the Syrian crisis, the United States appears to be seeking to bolster the security of the Israeli regime, Syria's reassessment of its strategic relationship with Iran, Syria's withdrawal of support from the resistance, economic interests and competition with Russia.

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Foreign Policy Discourse of Extremist Hindus

Mohammad Hassan Shaykh al-Islami; Omid Babelian

Volume 4, Issue 15 , March 2021, , Pages 57-75

Abstract

  The present article explores the discourse of extremist Hindus after Gandhi. Gandhi’s discourse, in his lifetime, was to become the most important political driving force in India. ...  Read More The present article explores the discourse of extremist Hindus after Gandhi. Gandhi’s discourse, in his lifetime, was to become the most important political driving force in India. Having been assassinated by an extremist Hindu, function of Gandhi’s discourse has, too, faced many ups and downs in the context of historic developments and following competing discourses and debates, all of which had played a role in shaping India’s foreign policy. In this sense, the significance of taking into consideration Gandhi’s discourse is being felt more than ever. The present paper examines the effective historic developments, which have contributed to shaping India’s foreign policy, basic debates, and discourses based on Hinduism in India, all of which define Gandhi’s discourse as their otherness. The main question of the research is “What discourses and to what extent have they been envisaged in India’s foreign policy?” The assumption of the research is as follows: “With respect to Gandhi’s legacy, India has pursued idealistic policies. However, idealism has managed to shift to realism in the face of extreme nationalism discourses. Gandhi’s discourse deviates from practical politics. Thus, Hindu-based political parties, such as Bharatiya Janata Party as the main otherness of Gandhi’s discourse, dominate India’s foreign policy.”

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The Syrian crisis, the West and the strategy of balance of weakness

saeed chehrazad; abolghasem taheri; aghil saberouragh

Volume 1, Issue 2 , December 2017, , Pages 59-81

Abstract

  Given the international and domestic demands of political regimes that have been under serious threat during recent developments in the Middle East, each of these countries has taken ...  Read More Given the international and domestic demands of political regimes that have been under serious threat during recent developments in the Middle East, each of these countries has taken a different path. Meanwhile, the Syrian crisis has led to a widespread civil war that has not yet yielded a successful peaceful solution. According to the authors of this article, such a situation as the continuing bloody conflict between armed rebels and Syrian government forces to control two serious enemies against US and Israeli security - the Salafist and Assad regime groups - is certainly the view of American strategists, and so it seems. The situation will continue until the two groups, especially radical Islamists, are weakened. Due to the similarity of the situation in the Syrian crisis and the Iran-Iraq war, both in terms of erosion and the shared hostility between the Assad regime and the Salafist fundamentalists to US interests in the region, the theoretical framework for this article will be a weakness strategy. That is, the Reagan administration had waged war against Iran and Iraq during the war between the two countries. The strategy was used to weaken both Iran and Iraq as regimes capable of threatening US interests in the region.

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The Role and Position of Defense Strategy in the Foreign Policy Strategy of the Islamic Republic of Iran

mirebrahim sedigh; mohsen jamshidi; Masomeh pourazim

Volume 3, Issue 11 , March 2020, , Pages 63-98

Abstract

  In national planning for defense strategy in the context of timelines and programs, before considering how programs are implemented, they must calculate facilities and facilities for ...  Read More In national planning for defense strategy in the context of timelines and programs, before considering how programs are implemented, they must calculate facilities and facilities for achieving the intended objectives. They have a defensive structure, they are just executors, and they need to do their job better They are entrusted with paying attention to structural quality, dynamic organization, and technical and tactical training. The overall purpose of this set is to examine the general foreign and domestic policies of the various periods in the defense and strategic defense dimension of the Islamic Republic of Iran which are closely related to the indicators and parameters. Economic, political and cultural, and as a consequence of aligning these parameters with the military element and overall characteristics of the martial organization in Iran, as well as analyzing the side-threats posed by transnational regional actors and nongovernmental groups against the Iranian political system. It is clear that in this article we will consider it according to the available indicators

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Understanding the Trump Administration's Maritime Strategy in the Gulf: Participation or assignment of responsibility?

ali bagheri Dolatabadi; alireza taghavinia; hossein fakhraee

Volume 3, Issue 10 , December 2019, , Pages 63-90

Abstract

  Given the vital importance of the Persian Gulf in discussing world energy, the great powers have always been sensitive to maintaining stability in the region. The United States assumed ...  Read More Given the vital importance of the Persian Gulf in discussing world energy, the great powers have always been sensitive to maintaining stability in the region. The United States assumed this role after the British left the Persian Gulf in 1971. A role that has also been costly for the United States. With Donald Trump and his criticism of the military presence in the region, the question arises as to what constitutes the new US naval strategy in the Persian Gulf? The US Navy's military-naval strategy in the Gulf seems to be based on deep-seated participation and a widespread presence in the Persian Gulf, in line with the Trump administration's strategic documents and despite its criticisms, aimed at ensuring a free and flowing energy flow. Iran's maritime power building is in blockage of the Strait of Hormuz (containment of Iran). In this study, a library method was used for data collection and a descriptive-analytic method was used to explain the data

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An Analysis of the Impact of Islamic Awakening on the Change of Government in the Arab States (Dimensions and Approaches)

Saeed Jahangiri; sadegh zibakalam

Volume 3, Issue 9 , September 2019, , Pages 63-79

Abstract

  This article, from a historical and sociological perspective, explores the factors and contexts of regime change in Arab Middle Eastern societies during Islamic Awakening. Descriptive ...  Read More This article, from a historical and sociological perspective, explores the factors and contexts of regime change in Arab Middle Eastern societies during Islamic Awakening. Descriptive - analytical method was used in this study. The question is, what factors and backgrounds have shaped the evolution of these societies, known as the awakening of the Muslim people of the Middle East. The author divides these factors into two domains, including the continuation of decades of inaccurate governments, monopoly of power and wealth, intellectual-cultural evolution of the Arab nation, democracy deficit in Arab countries, involvement of major powers in co-operation, The peaceful foreign policy towards the Zionist regime and the Islamic Revolution of the Iranian people.

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The Islamic Republic of Iran's Soft Power Strategies to Combat US Smart Power

reza joneydi; masoud mollaie

Volume 3, Issue 8 , June 2019, , Pages 65-89

Abstract

  In recent years, the United States has imposed unprecedented sanctions on the Islamic Republic by exerting additional pressure on Iran's nuclear program. In addition, through its propaganda ...  Read More In recent years, the United States has imposed unprecedented sanctions on the Islamic Republic by exerting additional pressure on Iran's nuclear program. In addition, through its propaganda agencies, it has tried to make the world's public opinion sensitive to Iran and portray a warlike image of the country in the minds of the world. The way out of the current atmosphere and thwart US political and diplomatic strategies seems to be to take advantage of the Islamic Republic's soft power-generating components. In this regard, public diplomacy can be used as a tool of the Islamic Republic's soft power to positively and truly portray public opinion in the world. Some theorists believe that the only way to contain Iran through US soft power is to pay less and get better and faster results. Throughout its experience of the ideological and cultural nature and function of the Islamic Republic of Iran system, the US government has realized that the essence, nature, power and power of Iran is primarily focused on soft, cultural, and value abilities. For this reason, along with its approach to sanctions, threats and economic and political pressures, the country has taken a soft tack and has sought to weaken the Islamic Republic of Iran's belief system as a key strategy.

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The Impact of Oil Price Fluctuations on Iran's Security Policy (A Case Study of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad)

ali mohseni; Mohammad Haji Mullah Ali

Volume 2, Issue 5 , September 2018, , Pages 65-81

Abstract

  One of the important elements and factors affecting the national security of countries producing and consuming energy is oil and gas. After the emergence of oil in Iran, this crude ...  Read More One of the important elements and factors affecting the national security of countries producing and consuming energy is oil and gas. After the emergence of oil in Iran, this crude material has gradually played a role as the most important influential component on Iran's economy, politics and security in general. Deposits in each of them and oil revenues. Taking advantage of the theoretical basis of the institutional decision-making model, this article examines the ninth government's understanding of the and security arrangements of the two, in the period from 1384 to 1392. In other words, the impact on the security. Eventually, this resulted in a sudden increase in revenues in the ninth and tenth administrations, paving the way for the formation of an aggressive discourse of this state towards the international system and the interests of the great powers, which aimed to change the status quo in line with the new justice-oriented model.

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Engaging and contrasting "political discourses" and "national strategies" in Iranian foreign policy

Ali Bagheri Dolatabadi; Hossein Siyapooshi

Volume 4, Issue 12 , June 2020, , Pages 67-94

Abstract

       Foreign policy as the most important manifestation of the international behavior of governments has always been the domain of interaction between theory and ...  Read More      Foreign policy as the most important manifestation of the international behavior of governments has always been the domain of interaction between theory and practice. In the meantime, each political discourse that seeks power, based on its particular worldview on the prevailing order at the regional and global level, adopts different and sometimes conflicting attitudes in the context of national strategies in foreign policy. The main question of this article is how has Iranian foreign policy been shaped by the "political discourse" and "national strategies" of the government of Sayyid Mohammad Khatami and Mahmoud Ahmadinejad? What have been the consequences of the national roles and the grand strategies of these two discourses on Iranian foreign policy? To answer the above question, the author attempts to examine the hypothesis that different "macroeconomic strategies" of Iranian presidents have led to the implementation of different and sometimes conflicting foreign policies, using "role theory" and descriptive analysis tools. The findings show that in the field of Iranian foreign policy, there is a cross-talk between the strategies of various discourses, and the opposition of these strategies has led to the inappropriate use of "foreign policy" tools to achieve national goals.

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Modern Indian Diplomacy and Its Attitude to the Shanghai Cooperation Organization

mohammadjavad ghahremani; mohammadreza hagh shenas

Volume 1, Issue 3 , March 2018, , Pages 69-87

Abstract

  The positive attitude and willingness to cooperate with the Shanghai Cooperation Organization originates from India's modern foreign policy, which has been pursued since the 1990s. ...  Read More The positive attitude and willingness to cooperate with the Shanghai Cooperation Organization originates from India's modern foreign policy, which has been pursued since the 1990s. To summarize this foreign policy, we can call it a pragmatic foreign policy that seeks to serve the national interest rather than the ideological one. This policy is the opposite of the country's foreign policy decades ago. One of the requirements of this policy is to abandon the zero-sum policy and follow the double-sum policy. This has forced India to work with most countries, institutions and regions in the world. In this way, the interests of this country will be better served. The announcement of cooperation and efforts to join the Shanghai Cooperation Organization also follow this logic. Working with its members can help diversify its energy resources. Countering terrorism, one of the concerns of India, will be better served by this multilateral mechanism. More trade with member states, and especially with Central Asian republics, is beneficial to the country. These countries can provide a good market for Indian goods. It could also provide India with a dialogue field to resolve disputes and differences of opinion with Pakistan or China.

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The breakdown of modern scientific discourse towards interdisciplinary studies with emphasis on the postmodern approach

bahram sarmast; hamed roshan cheshm

Volume 2, Issue 7 , December 2019, , Pages 77-98

Abstract

  The modern arena created a special kind of cognition in science. Modern ontologies and epistemologies were based on the dual contrasts of scientific and non-scientific representations. ...  Read More The modern arena created a special kind of cognition in science. Modern ontologies and epistemologies were based on the dual contrasts of scientific and non-scientific representations. In the passage of the natural and empirical sciences, in the form of a dominant discourse, the scientific concepts, the discipline of scientific methods, and the "cognition" of meaning-mining in the social sphere were "altered". Hence, in the twofold contrast, studies were formed in a disciplined and specialized way, and cognition became so dominated. On this basis, it is important to deconstruct such discourse on science in order to gain credible knowledge as well as the transition to interdisciplinary studies. The purpose of the present study is to deconstruct the scientific discourse of positivism and present an approach to the possibility of forming interdisciplinary studies. The main question of research is how the postmodern approach contributes to the formation of interdisciplinary studies. The research hypothesis suggests that a postmodern approach to the breakdown of dominant scientific and professional discourse creates some kind of interdisciplinary study. The present study, using descriptive-analytic method and the use of library studies and authoritative texts, suggests that the postmodern approach to the breakdown of the dominant scientific discourse of positivism has resulted in a methodological integration and interdependence that interdisciplinary studies itself. it has.

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Turkey's foreign policy in the Syrian crisis

mahdyeh heydari

Volume 4, Issue 15 , March 2021, , Pages 77-91

Abstract

  This article analyze Turkey's aggressive foreign policy in the face of the Syrian crisis with an explanatory method and from the perspective of defensive realism. Therefore, the main ...  Read More This article analyze Turkey's aggressive foreign policy in the face of the Syrian crisis with an explanatory method and from the perspective of defensive realism. Therefore, the main question of the research is, why Turkey's foreign policy in the Syrian crisis is aggressive? The temporary answer is that Turkey, by perceiving the threat of extremists spilling over into its internal borders, threatening the autonomy of the Syrian Kurds, as well as Turkey's long-term geopolitical prospects, has led its aggressive foreign policy in the Syrian crisis. The findings of the study indicate that as the crisis intensifies near the Turkish border, Turkish decision-makers have increased the level of military violence in the Syrian crisis. In other words, there is a positive correlation between the extent to which Turkey receives a threat from the Syrian crisis, and the degree to which its foreign policy is becoming more aggressive. The method of data collection in this research is based on the library method which includes the simultaneous use of domestic and foreign scientific articles.

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The Role of Geopolitics in Designing a US National Security Strategy (Bush and Obama)

leila khodabakhshi; mohammadhossein nejati

Volume 3, Issue 9 , September 2019, , Pages 81-108

Abstract

  aInvestigating the characteristics of the great powers in terms of influencing the components of international relations as well as playing a role in the geopolitical regions and territories ...  Read More aInvestigating the characteristics of the great powers in terms of influencing the components of international relations as well as playing a role in the geopolitical regions and territories of the world in order to secure its own interests is of particular importance. With the events of 9/11, American national security was challenged, and its foreign policy left the crisis of meaning. Considering the Middle East as the focus of asymmetric terrorist threats, the United States turned its attention to the region and declared that it was ready to partake of the roots of terrorism even with the use of unilateralism. In fact, Americans intend to consolidate their hegemony [especially in the Middle East]. The key question is what was the role and importance of geopolitics in the design of the US national security strategy in the administrations of George W. Bush and Barack Obama? In short, adopting a strategy of clearing the territories of terrorism from terrorist groups and making radical changes to the political, economic, military, and cultural structures of these lands in the interests of American values ​​and national security reinforces its role and importance. Geopolitics has been to varying degrees in the design of the US national security geopolitical strategy under the administrations of George W. Bush and Barack Obama.

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The effects and consequences of the presence and emergence of extremist groups in the security developments in West Asia in the context of globalization (with emphasis on ISIL)

mosen dyanat; hamed roshan cheshm

Volume 1, Issue 1 , August 2017, , Pages 81-118

Abstract

  The growth of the extremist group in West Asia indicates a new development in regional relations and regional security equations. The formation of ISIS and its expansion in various ...  Read More The growth of the extremist group in West Asia indicates a new development in regional relations and regional security equations. The formation of ISIS and its expansion in various dimensions show that regional security issues have moved out of their traditional and intergovernmental state and have taken on a sub-governmental and supra-governmental scope. Apart from this issue, in looking at the phenomenon of ISIL and regional developments, we see ISIL taking advantage of the process of globalization in the formation of regions and the absorption of trans-regional forces. In addition to the propaganda aspect, this process also includes ideological and self-awareness dimensions. The purpose of this study is to investigate and demonstrate the evolution of security issues resulting from the spread of terrorist groups. The main question of the research is what effects and consequences have occurred in the security issues of the West Asian region due to the formation of ISIL in the process of globalization. The research hypothesis indicates that the formation and independence of the ISIL group due to the process of globalization has led to the transformation of inter-governmental security issues into trans-state threats in the West Asian region. This study, using a descriptive-analytical method along with the use of authentic documents and texts, indicates that ISIL, by using the developments in the field of communication technology and the ideological effects of globalization, causes a change in regional security issues towards the formation of case groups. It has become sub-governmental and extra-governmental and the role of governments has been reduced.

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Survey of Russian Diplomacy in Central Asia in Public Diplomacy (2016-2000)

abasgholi asgharian; ali tajik; rahim norouzi

Volume 1, Issue 2 , December 2017, , Pages 83-108

Abstract

  Given the increasing importance and effective role played by public diplomacy in international politics, countries are increasingly using this tool to advance their own political interests, ...  Read More Given the increasing importance and effective role played by public diplomacy in international politics, countries are increasingly using this tool to advance their own political interests, in areas such as soft power, digital diplomacy, tourism diplomacy, smart power and ... Public diplomacy is investing itself. This article first examines Russia's public diplomacy and its strengths and weaknesses in various fields and their success and failure in various areas of public diplomacy and shows how Russia seeks to exploit and benefit from its advantages in the public diplomacy world. The public diplomacy of the Russian Federation has been discussed in various fields such as language, culture, civilization, second language knowledge and historical background, etc. in Central Asia and each of its strengths and weaknesses has been examined in each field. In this regard, this article seeks to answer the question of what are the most important aspects of Russian public diplomacy in Central Asia between 2000 and 2016? On this basis, the hypothesis of this paper states that Russia emphasizes more on the cultural and civilizational background shared with Central Asia in order to further its public diplomacy in the region. The research method is based on a descriptive-analytical research strategy.

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Factors Affecting the Convergence of Israel and the Republic of Azerbaijan (1991-1997)

aziz javanpour heravi; ehsan jafarifar

Volume 2, Issue 5 , September 2018, , Pages 83-100

Abstract

  Due to its position in the Western bloc during the Cold War, which was a fierce rivalry between the Eastern and Western blocs, the Zionist regime had no influence or presence on the ...  Read More Due to its position in the Western bloc during the Cold War, which was a fierce rivalry between the Eastern and Western blocs, the Zionist regime had no influence or presence on the scene of the Soviet republics; However, with the end of the Cold War and the beginning of the Gorbachev reform era, the Zionist regime had the opportunity to infiltrate, and with the independence of Central Asia and the Caucasus, the regime designed and implemented specific goals and programs for infiltration in these countries. Given that Israel is always striving for the development and expansion of its territorial borders, its power and security in the Middle East, so it put relations with Azerbaijan on its agenda after the collapse of the Soviet Union. In this article, descriptively and analytically, the main question is what are the most important factors affecting the convergence of Israel and the Republic of Azerbaijan? In response to this question, it has been hypothesized that Israel's strategy around the country, military cooperation, geopolitical importance and the existence of energy resources and the Jews of Azerbaijan have led to closer Israeli-Israeli relations.

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