The impact of Artificial Intelligence on Mainstream Theories of International Relations

Document Type : Original Independent Original Article

Author

Professor in international relations, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran

Abstract
Artificial intelligence is one of the sciences that will have the greatest impact on the world future. In the field of politics and international relations, the effects of AI are not limited to practical matters and will greatly affect the field of theorizing in the future. Among the theories of international relations, the mainstream theories will definitely have the most influence. The main question of this article is how AI has affected the main concepts and concerns of these two macro approaches of international relations theories? The hypothesis of the article is that AI has questioned some of the main propositions of these two theories. A qualitative method with an analytical-explanatory approach was applied for research. The findings show that the theory of realism needs a revision in the definition of the concepts of power, threat, security, balance of power and actors of international relations in the light of AI and new developments. Also, the claims of the theory of liberalism regarding world peace, based on two economic and political dimensions, have faced a serious challenge. In such a way, the validity of the main propositions of the theory of economic liberalism, interdependence and democratic peace has been doubted.

Keywords

Subjects
باقری دولت­آبادی، علی؛ شفیعی سیف­آبادی، محسن(1397). از هاشمی تا روحانی: بررسی سیاست خارجی ایران، چاپ سوم، تهران: تیسا.
دهقانی فیروزآبادی، سیدجلال؛ چهرآزاد، سعید(1402). بازساختاربندی نظریه های روابط بین­الملل در عصر هوش مصنوعی، مطالعات راهبردی، 26(2)، 7-31.
سیدعبدالمجید زواری و ابوالفضل طیبی(1401). کارکردهای هوش مصنوعی در سیاست خارجی، تهران: انتشارات اندیشکده روابط بین­الملل.
شریف‌زاده، زهرا؛ میرکوشش، هوشنگ؛ حسینی، محمد مهدی(1401). نقش نظریه بازی­ها و هوش مصنوعی در روابط بین­الملل، مطالعات سیاسی، 15(58)، 125-146.
مشیرزاده، حمیرا(1385). تحول در نظریه های روابط بین­الملل، چاپ دوم، تهران: سمت.
موحدیان، احسان(1398). هوش مصنوعی و تاثیر آن بر امنیت و روابط بین­الملل، امنیت بین­الملل، 1(7)، 65-75.
واشنگتن بلاگ، و دیگران(1397). داعش خود ما هستیم، ترجمه رضا التیامی­نیا، علی باقری دولت آبادی و علی محمدی، تهران: دانشگاه امام حسین (ع).
والتس، کنث. ن(1394). نظریه سیاست بین­الملل، ترجمه روح الله طالبی آرانی، تهران: نشر مخاطب.
Acharya, GP (2019), “The impact of AI in International Relations”, Daily Star, July 21, https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/perspective/news/the-impact-ai-international-relations-1774360
Ariel (2021),   “7 Views  on  How   Technology   will  Shape  Geopolitics”, World  Economic Forum,  April 7.  https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/04/seven-business-leaders-on-how-technology-will-shape-geopolitics/.
Balakrishnan, Bhaskar (2017), Technology and International Relations: Challenges for the 21st Century,  New Delhi: Vij Books India.
Bishop, Matt; Goldman,  Emily (2003),  “The Strategy and Tactics of Information Warfare, Contemporary Security Policy, Vol. 24, No.1, pp. 113–139.
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (2019), “What the Machine Learning Value Chain Means for Geopolitics”, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace,https://carnegieendowment.org/files/7-1-19_Stanton_etal_Machine_ Learning.pdf.
Charalambous,  Eleftherios;  Robert   Feldmann,   Gérard  Richter,  and  Christoph Schmitz  (2019),  “AI  in  Production: A  Game Changer  for Manufacturers  with Heavy  Assets”,    McKinsey  and  Company, March, https://www. mckinsey.com/business-functions/mckinsey-analytics/our-insights/ai-in-pro duction-a-game-changer-for-manufacturers-with-heavy-assets.
Cummings, M. L.   (2019),   “Artificial   Intelligence and   the Future   of Warfare”, Chatham House, https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/def ault/files/publications/research/2017-01-26-artificial-intelligence-future-war fare-cummings-final.pdf. 
Cummings,  M.L.;  Et al. (2018),  “Artificial  Intelligence and  International Affairs: Disruption  Anticipated, Chatham   House,   https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/publications/research/2018-06-14-artificial-intelligence- international-affairs-cummings-roff-cukier-parakilas-bryce.pdf.
Hudson, Valerie M.  (2020), Artificial Intelligence and International Politics, Oxfordshire:  Routledge.
Kastner,  Ariel  (2021),   “7  Views  on  How   Technology   will  Shape  Geopolitics”, World  Economic Forum,  April 7.  https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/04/seven-business-leaders-on-how-technology-will-shape-geopolitics/.
Kucier, K. (2018), “The Economic Implications of Artificial Intelligence”, In Artifi- cial Intelligence and International Affairs:  Disruption Anticipated, eds. M.L. Cummings, Heather M. Roff, Kenneth Cukier, Jacob Parakilas, and Hannah Bryce, pp.29–42.  London: Chatham House.
Kumar, Abhinav; Batarseh, Feras A. (2020),  “The Use of Robots and Artificial Intelligence   in War”,  London School of Economics Business Review,  February 17,  https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/businessreview/2020/02/17/the- use-of-robots-and-artificial-intelligence-in-war/.
Latiff, Robert H.  (2017), Future War: Preparing for the New Global Battlefield, New York: Knopf.
Marwala,  Tshilidzi;   Lagazio,  Monica (2011),  Militarized Conflict Modelling Using Computational Intelligence, London: Springer-Verlag.
Marwala, Tshilidzi; Hurwitz, Evan (2017), Artificial Intelligence and Economic Theories: Skynet in the Market, Heidelberg: Springer.
Mckinsey (2023), “What is AI?” Website of Mckinsey, April 24, https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/mckinsey-explainers/what-is-ai
Mearsheimer, John J. (2013),  “Structural Realism”, In: International Relations Theo- ries: Discipline and Diversity, eds. Tim Dunne,  Milja Kurki, and Steve Smith, pp. 77–93.  New York: Oxford University Press.
Meltzer, Joshua (2018), “The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on International Trade”, Brookings, December 13, https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-impact-of-artificial-intelligence-on-international-trade/
Mitchell, Melanie (2019),  Artificial Intelligence, London: Pelican.
Ndzendze,  B.,  and  T.  Marwala  (2023),   Artificial   Intelligence and International Relations Theories, Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan
Ndzendze,  Bhaso;  Marwala,  Tshilidzi (2021b), “Artificial Intelligence   And Emerging Technologies Are Powerful Tools – But Can Be Bad for Democracy”,  Daily Maverick, March 22.  https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-03-22-artificial intelligence-and-emerging-technologies-are-powerful-tools-but-can-be-bad-for-democracy/
Ndzendze, Bhaso; Marwala, Tshilidzi (2021a), “Liberal Thought Has a Place in the Era of Artificial Intelligence”, Thought Leader, January 28. https://though tleader.co.za/liberal-thought-has-a-place-in-the-era-of-artificial-intelligence/.
Owen, John M.  (1994), “How Liberalism Produces Democratic   Peace”, International Security, Vol.19, No. 2, pp.87–125.
Russett, Bruce M. (1993), Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a Post-Cold War, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Schmidt, E., Et.al (2020), Final Report: National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence, Washington, DC: The National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence.
Shafiee Seifabadi, Mohsen; Bagheri Dolatabadi, Ali (2022), “COVID-19, Globalization and the Strengthening of Authoritarianism in the Middle East”,  Journal of Globalization Studies, Vol. 13 No. 1, pp. 135–157
Waltz, Kenneth (1983), “Nuclear Weapons: More May be Better”, Adelphi Papers, No.171, London: International Institute for Strategic Studies.
Wohlforth, William C. (2016), “Realism and foreign policy” in: Foreign Policy Theories, Actors, Cases, Edited by Steve Smith, Amelia Hadfield and Tim Dunne, Third Edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Yokota, Kazuhiko;  Tomohara, Akinori (2010),  “Modeling  FDI-Induced Technology Spillovers”, The International Trade Journal, Vol.  24, No.1, pp.5–34.