ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Challenges of the ICC’s Ruling on Jurisdiction Based on the Mechanism of Article 19(3) of the Statute in The Myanmar Situation and its Justification in its Jurisprudence
The function of the ICC prosecutor based on the mechanism of article 19(3) of the statute to the ICC’s ruling on jurisdiction in the Myanmar situation is one of the unprecedented ICC jurisprudence. Achieving its goals requires overcoming the possible challenges and justifying them in the ICC jurisprudence. A critical study of the dimensions and samples of these challenges is one of the objectives and topics of this paper, which is considered in an analytical descriptive method and based on the provisions of the statute and ICC jurisprudence. The main question is what are the challenges due to the ruling on jurisdiction in the Myanmar situation and its justification on the ICC jurisprudence? The research findings show that the ruling on jurisdiction in the Myanmar situation upon preconditions necessities, distinct from admissibility, non-support of Myanmar membership in the ICC or UN Security Council’s referrals.
https://www.rahbordsyasi.ir/article_120606_d0791fd5150ed19a7a34a305259b3d7e.pdf
2021-02-19
1
13
International Criminal Court
Ruling on Jurisdiction
UN Security Council
Republic of the Union of Myanmar
Prosecutor
Javad
Salehi
javadsalehi2010@gmail.com
1
Associate Professor of Payam-e-Noor University, Tehran, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
- Bangladesh FM (2017), Violence against Rohingya ‘is genocide’, AL JAZEERA (10 Sept. 2017), https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/09/bangladesh-fm-violence-rohingya-genocide-170911023429604.html.
1
- Bartels, Rogier (2017), Legitimacy and ICC Jurisdiction following Security Council Referrals: Conduct on the Territory of Non-Party States and the Legality Principle; in N. Hayashi & C. M. Bailliet (eds.), The Legitimacy of International Criminal Tribunals, Studies on International Courts and Tribunals, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 141-178.
2
- Guilfoyle, Douglas (2019): The ICC pre-trial chamber decision on jurisdiction over the situation in Myanmar, Australian Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 73(1), pp. 2-8.
3
- International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 16 December 1966, UNTS Vol. 999.
4
- International Criminal Court (2018), Decision on the ‘Prosecution’s Request for a Ruling on Jurisdiction under Article 19(3) of the Statute, Pre-Trial Chamber I, ICC-RoC46(3)-01/18, 6 Sep 2018.
5
- International Criminal Court (2019), Decision Pursuant to Article 15 of the Rome Statute on the Authorisation of an Investigation into the Situation in the People’s Republic of Bangladesh/Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Pre-Trial Chamber III, ICC-01/19, 14 November 2019.
6
- Lentner, M. Gabriel (2018), The UN Security Council and the International Criminal Court: The Referral Mechanism in Theory and Practice, UK, Edward Elgar Publishing Linited.
7
- Mahmud, Faisal (2017), Bangladesh; Myanmar Form Joint Working Group on Rohingya Repatriation; Experts Sceptical, WIRE (21 Dec. 2017), https://thewire.in/external-affairs/bangladesh-myanmar-form-joint-working-group-on-rohingya-repatriation-experts-sceptical.
8
- Musavi, Ali and Hassan Alavi (2015), The Crime of Genocide in International Criminal Law Comparative with the Genocide of Myanmar Muslims, Journal of Goftemen Hoghoghi, Vol. 4(1), pp. 5-44 (in Persian).
9
- Rahmati, Ali and Hossein M. M. Sadeghi (2019), Feasibility of the Prosecution of Perpetrators Recent Crimes in Myanmar at the National and International Arena (with Emphasis on the Role of the Hybrid Court), The Judiciary Law Journal, Vol. 83(106), pp. 87-120 (in Persian).
10
- Salehi, Javad (2018), Challenges of the International Criminal Court to Follow up Sudanese President Case: African Union Opposed to Non-Cooperation of its Member States with the Criminal Court, Journal of Public Law Research, Vol. 19(57), pp. 69-98 (in Persian).
11
- Salehi, Javad (2020), A Critique of Opposition of the African Union and its Member States with the Criminal Court in and its Effects on International Jurisprudence, Journal of Public Law Studies Vol. 50(2), pp. 793-807 (in Persian).
12
- Salimi, Roya and Nozar Shafiee (2019), The Causes of Genocide Toward Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar, Journal of Political Sociology of Islamic World, Vol. 7(14), pp. 29-52 (in Persian).
13
- Vagias, Michail (2018), The Prosecutor’s Request Concerning the Rohingya Deportation to Bangladesh: Certain Procedural Questions, Leiden Journal of International Law, Vol. 31(4), pp. 981-1002.
14
- Zakerhossein, H. Mohammad (2020), The Complementary Jurisdiction in the Jurisprudence of the International Criminal Court: The Sameness of Person and Conduct, Criminal law and Criminology Studies, Vol. 49(2), pp. 373-395 (in Persian).
15
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Iran's Naval Defense Strategy
Given to the impacts of the Iran-Iraq war and strategic importance and geographical situation of Hormoz strait, Islamic Republic of Iran Navy has adopted the asymmetric defense pattern. In accordance, Iranian Naval force has deployed this naval policy with defensive aims and deterrent purpose against the enemy, through taking advantage of geographical situation and strategic importance of the region as well as focusing on Shiite-inspired concepts like martyrdom. This pattern concentrates on using the advanced technologies and modern weaponry in situation unexpected for the enemy. In other word, in this defense pattern, speed, ambiguity, spread and dispersion by the usage of armed speedboats, extensive mining and missile attacks from submarines and sites situated in the Persian Gulf shores and islands beside the combined and simultaneous air attack are considered key factors. Given to these issues, the article aims to evaluate principles of Iran’s naval defense pattern.
https://www.rahbordsyasi.ir/article_128528_d5ad31f7b3561db148084cca2ea80e19.pdf
2021-02-19
15
25
asymmetric defense
Martyrdom
Naval Force
Passive Defense
Decentralization
alireza
rezaei
ir.alirezarezaei@gmail.com
1
Associate Professor of Islamic Azad University, Islamic Azad University, Hamadan Branch, Hamadan, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ghasem
Torabi
2
Associate Professor of Islamic Azad University, Islamic Azad University, Hamadan Branch, Hamadan, Iran.
AUTHOR
- Benjamin Buley (2007), The New American Way of War Military Culture and the Political Utility of Force, London: Routledge
1
- Movahed, Mohammad Ali (2004). Report of Iran’s Complaint in International Court of Justice against America in Case of Destruction of Iranian Oil Platform. In Law Research, No, 39. (in Persian).
2
- Orfy, Mohammed Moustafa (2011). NATO and the Middle East: The Geopolitical Context Post-9/11. Routledge.
3
- Caitlin Talmadge (2008). Closing Time: Assessing the Iranian Threat to the Straits of Hormuz. in International Security, Vol. 33, No. 1
4
- Toraby, Ghasem (2010). U.S. Missile Shield System in the Region and the Security of Iran. In Defense strategy Quarterly, 8th year, No 31. (in Persian).
5
- Fars News Agency, The Preparation of Iran Revolutionary Guardian’s Naval Force to Take Direct Mission in Persian Gulf, 7/9/2008, available at: http://www.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=8704190054
6
- Anthony H. Cordesman (2010), Vivek Kocharlakota and Adam Seitz. Iranian Strategic Competition with the US: The Military Dimension, at: http://csis.org/publication/Iranian-strategic-competition
7
- BP. Statistical Review of world energy, (2010), at: http://www.bp.com
8
- Carey, Glen (2010). Raytheon Plans to Expand Patriot Missile System in Persian Gulf, at: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-10-31/raytheon-plans-to-expand-patriot-missile-system-in-persian-gulf.htm
9
- Daneh karl (2009). Ashkbus Rear Admiral Operation Doctrine of the Navy of Islamic Republic of Iran, Staff Issue, No.235
10
- Fariborz Haghshenass (2006), Iran's Doctrine of Asymmetric Naval Warfare, at: http://www.metransparent.com/IMG/pdf/PolicyFocus87.pdf
11
- Michael Connell (2006), Iran's Military Doctrine, at: http://Iranprimer.usip.org/sites/Iranprimer.usip.org/files/Iran_s%20Military%20Doctrine.pdf
12
- Missile Defense in the Persian Gulf (31January 2010), The New York Times, at: http://www.brookings.edu/views/papers/gordon/emirates20060530.pdf
13
- Office of Naval Intelligence (2009), Iranian Naval Forces from Guerrilla Warfare to a Modern Naval Warfare, at: http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/oni/Iran-navy.pdf
14
- Philip Gordon (2005), NATO’s Growing Role in the Greater Middle East, The Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research, at: http://www.brookings.edu/views/papers/gordon/emirates20060530.pdf
15
- Rick Rozoff(a) (February 11, 2010), NATO’s Role in The Military Encirclement of Iran, at: www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=17555
16
- Rick Rozoff(b) (August 13, 2010), Iraq: NATO Assists in Building New Middle East Proxy Army, at: http://rickrozoff.wordpress.com/2010/08/14/iraq-nato-assists-in-building-new-middle-east-proxy-army.
17
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Decision-Making and Collective Choice against Terrorism in the UNSC
Decisions as outputs of international organizations are highly influenced by different motivations. Presence of veto powers, heterogeneity of preferences and the rules governing decisions lead to study the decision-making in the United Nations Security Council. But the main puzzle of the current paper is to discover the motivations influencing on decision-making in the UNSC. According to our research, precedent and organizational doctrines guide the veto holders’ decisions. The costs of unilateral decisions push the members of UNSC to act based on collective bargaining and decisions which not only modify the opportunity structures but also help them to meet their rather different preferences. One of the most notable cases that these double doctrines are heavily visible in the UNSC activity is the area of the terrorism. In this case, the UNSC as an international political organization providing collective response to the international security threats by resorting to agreed language and political coalition.
https://www.rahbordsyasi.ir/article_128627_25d2d504fca0abf591ac67ae93624dcb.pdf
2021-02-19
27
55
International Organizations
Decision-making
UNSC
collective action
terrorism
Ali Akbar
Jafari
a.jafari@umz.ac.ir
1
Associate Professor, International Relations at Department of Political Sciences, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Mazandaran, Mazandaran, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
- Abbott, Kenneth W. and Snidal, Duncan (1998), 'Why States Act through Formal International Organizations', Journal of Conflict Resolution 42:1, 3-32.
1
- Allain, Jean (2004), 'The Legacy of Lockerbie: Judicial Review of Security Council Actions or the First Manifestation of Terrorism as a Threat to International Peace?', Indian Journal of International Law 44:1, 74-126.
2
- Aust, Anthony (2000), 'Lockerbie: The Other Case', International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49:2, 278-96.
3
- Bartels, Brandon L. (2009), 'The Constraining Capacity of Legal Doctrine on the U.S. Supreme Court', American Political Science Review 103:3, 474-95.
4
- Beliaev, Igor and Marks, John (1991), 'Introduction', in Igor Beliaev and John Marks (eds.), Common Ground on Terrorism: Soviet-American Cooperation Against the Politics of Terror (New York: Norton), 13-29.
5
- Bennis, Phyllis (1996), Calling the Shots: How Washington Dominates Today's United Nations (New York: Olive Branch).
6
- Bhala, Raj (1999), ‘The Myth About Stare Decisis and International Trade Law (Part One of a Trilogy)’, American University International Law Review 14:4, 845-956.
7
- Bolton, John (2007), Surrender Is Not an Option: Defending America at the United Nations and Abroad (New York: Threshold Editions).
8
- Bosco, David L. (2009), Five to Rule Them All: The UN Security Council and the Making of the Modern World (New York: Oxford Univ. Press).
9
- Boulden, Jane (2006), 'Double Standards, Distance and Disengagement: Collective Legitimization in the Post-Cold War Security Council', Security Dialogue, 37 (3), 409-23.
10
- Boutros-Ghali, Boutros (1999), Unvanquished: A US-UN Saga (New York: Random House).
11
- Busch, Marc (2007), ‘Overlapping Institutions, Forum Shopping, and Dispute Settlement in International Trade’. International Organization 61:4, 735-61.
12
- Byers, Michael (2004), 'Agreeing to Disagree: Security Council Resolution 1441 and Intentional Ambiguity', Global Governance 10:2, 165-86.
13
- Capoccia, Giovanni and Kelemen, R. Daniel (2007), 'The Study of Critical Junctures: Theory, Narrative, and Counterfactuals in Historical Institutionalism', World Politics 59:3, 341-69.
14
- Cassese, Antonio (1989), Terrorism, Politics and Law: The Achille Lauro Affair (London: Polity).
15
- Chapman, Terrence and Reiter, Dan (2004), 'The United Nations Security Council and the Rally 'Round the Flag Effect', Journal of Conflict Resolution 48:6, 886-909.
16
- Cohen, Leonard J. (1994), 'Beyond the "Terror Network": Eastern Europe and the Middle East', in David H. Goldberg and Paul Marantz (eds.), The Decline of the Soviet Union and the Transformation of the Middle East (Boulder, CO: Westview), 192-211.
17
- Contessi, Nicola (2010), 'Multilateralism, Intervention and Norm Contestation: China’s Stance on Darfur in the UN Security Council', Security Dialogue 41:3, 323-44.
18
- Crenshaw, Martha (1989), Terrorism and International Cooperation (Boulder, CO: Westview).
19
- Cronin, Bruce and Hurd, Ian (2008), 'Introduction', in Bruce Cronin and Ian Hurd (eds.), The UN Security Council and the Politics of International Authority (London: Routledge), 3-22.
20
- Daase, Christopher (1999), 'Spontaneous Institutions: Peacekeeping as an International Convention', in Helga Haftendorn, Robert Keohane, and Celeste Wallander (eds.), Imperfect Unions: Security Institutions over Time and Space (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press), 223-58.
21
- Dashti-Gibson, Jaleh and Conroy, Richard (2000), 'Taming Terrorism: Sanctions Against Libya, Sudan, and Afghanistan', in David Cortright and GeorgeLopez (eds.), The Sanctions Decade: Assessing UN Strategies in the 1990s (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner), 107-34.
22
- Dorsch, Christian (2014), 'A New Barometer for the Evolution of Multilateral Counterterrorism: Introduction to the Materials, Methods, and Results of the UN Security Council & Terrorism Dataset (UNSC-TDS)', 1-21 (forthcoming in Terrorism and Political Violence).
23
- Eldar, Ofer (2008), Vote-Trading in International Institutions, European Journal of International Law 19:1, 3-41.
24
- Fon, Vincy, Parisi, Francesco, and Depoorter, Ben (2005), 'Litigation, Judicial Path-Dependence, and Legal Change', European Journal of Law and Economics 20:1, 43-56.
25
- Fon, Vincy, Parisi, Francesco, and Depoorter, Ben (2005), 'Litigation, Judicial Path-Dependence, and Legal Change', European Journal of Law and Economics, 20 (1), 43-56.
26
- Foot, Rosemary (2007), 'The United Nations, Counter Terrorism and Human Rights: Institutional Adaptation and Embedded Ideas', Human Rights Quarterly 29:2, 489-514.
27
- Franck, Thomas (2001), 'Terrorism and the Right of Self-Defense', American Journal of International Law 95:4, 839-43.
28
- Gerhardt, Michael (2005), 'The Limited Path Dependency of Precedent', University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law 7:4, 903-1000.
29
- Hannay, David (2008), New World Disorder: The UN After the Cold War - An Insider's View (London: Tauris).
30
- Hathaway, Oona A. (2001), 'Path Dependence in the Law: The Course and Pattern of Legal Change in a Common Law System, Economics, and Public Policy', Iowa Law Review 86:2, 601-65.
31
- Hehir, Aidan (2013), 'The Permanence of Inconsistency: Libya, the Security Council, and the Responsibility to Protect', International Security 38:1, 137-59.
32
- Hurd, Ian (2007), After Anarchy: Legitimacy and Power in the United Nations Security Council (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press).
33
- Huth, Paul, Croco, Sarah, and Appel, Benjamin (2013), 'Bringing Law to the Table: Legal Claims, Focal Points, and the Settlement of Territorial Disputes Since 1945', American Journal of Political Science 57:1, 90-103.
34
- Johns, Leslie (2007), 'A Servant of Two Masters: Communication and the Selection of International Bureaucrats', International Organization 61:2, 245-75.
35
- Johnstone, Ian (2003), 'Security Council Deliberations: The Power of the Better Argument', European Journal of International Law 14:3, 437-80.
36
- Johnstone, Ian (2010), 'Do International Organizations have Reputations?', International Organizations Law Review 7:2, 235-39.
37
- Jonge Oudraat, Chantal de (2004), 'The Role of the Security Council', in Jane Boulden and Thomas Weiss (eds.), Terrorism and the UN: Before and After September 11 (Bloomington, IN: Indiana Univ. Press), 151-72.
38
- Keohane, Robert (1984), After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press).
39
- Krisch, Nico (2008), 'The Security Council and the Great Powers', in Vaughan Lowe, et al. (eds.), The United Nations Security Council and War: The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945 (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press), 133-53.
40
- Kuziemko, Ilyana and Werker, Eric (2006), 'How Much Is a Seat on the Security Council Worth? Foreign Aid and Bribery at the United Nations', Journal of Political Economy 114:5, 905-30.
41
- Lipson, Michael (2007), 'Peacekeeping: Organized Hypocrisy?', European Journal of International Relations 13:1, 5-34.
42
- Lowe, Vaughan, et al. (eds. 2008), The United Nations Security Council and War: The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945 (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press).
43
- Luck, Edward (2004), 'Tackling Terrorism', in David Malone (ed.), The UN Security Council: From the Cold War to the 21st Century (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner), 85-100.
44
- --- (2006), The UN Security Council: Practice and Promise (London: Routledge).
45
- Lupu, Yonatan, and Erik Voeten (2012), ’Precedent in International Courts: A Network Analysis of Case Citations by the European Court of Human Rights‘, British Journal of Political Science 42:2, 413-39.
46
- Lutterbeck, Derek (2009), 'Arming Libya: Transfers of Conventional Weapons Past and Present', Contemporary Security Policy 30:3, 505-28.
47
- Mahbubani, Kishore (2004), 'The Permanent and Elected Council Members', in David Malone (ed.), The UN Security Council: From the Cold War to the 21st Century (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner), 253-66.
48
- Mahoney, James (2000), 'Path Dependence in Historical Sociology', Theory and Society 29:4, 507-48.
49
- Malone, David (1997), Decision-making in the UN Security Council: The Case of Haiti, 1990-1997 (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press).
50
- --- (ed. 2004), The UN Security Council: From the Cold War to the 21st Century (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner).
51
- --- (2006), The International Struggle Over Iraq: Politics in the UN Security Council 1980-2005 (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press).
52
- March, James and Olsen, Johan (1989), Rediscovering Institutions: The Organizational Basis of Politics (New York: Simon & Schuster).
53
- --- (1998), 'The Institutional Dynamics of International Political Orders', International Organization 52:4, 943-69.
54
- --- (2004), The Logic of Appropriateness; ARENA Working Paper WP 04/09, Oslo: Arena - Centre for European Studies, University of Oslo.
55
- Martin, Lisa and Simmons, Beth (2013), 'International Organizations and Institutions', in Walter Carlsnaes, Thomas Risse, and Beth A. Simmons (eds.), Handbook of International Relations (2nd edn.; London: Sage), 326-51.
56
- Matheson, Michael (2006), Council Unbound: The Growth of UN Decision Making on Conflict and Postconflict Issues After the Cold War (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace).
57
- McNamara, Thomas (2007), 'Unilateral and Multilateral Strategies Against State Sponsors of Terror: A Case Study of Libya, 1979 to 2003', in David Cortright and George Lopez (eds.), Uniting Against Terror: Cooperative Nonmilitary Responses to the Global Terrorist (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), 83-122.
58
- Michaelsen, Christopher (2010), 'The Security Council's Al Qaeda and Taliban Sanctions Regime: “Essential Tool” or Increasing Liability for the UN's Counterterrorism Efforts?', Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 33:5, 448-63.
59
- O'Neill, Barry (1996), 'Power and Satisfaction in the United Nations Security Council', Journal of Conflict Resolution 40:2, 219-37.
60
- O'Sullivan, Meghan (2003), Shrewd Sanctions: Statecraft and State Sponsors of Terrorism (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press).
61
- Pelc, Krzysztof (2013), ‘The Politics of Precedent in International Law: A Social Network Application’, APSA 2013 Annual Meeting Paper.
62
- Pierson, Paul (2004), Politics in Time: History, Institutions, and Social Analysis (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press).
63
- Prantl, Jochen (2005), 'Informal Groups of States and the UN Security Council', International Organization 59:3, 559-92.
64
- Roberts, Adam and Zaum, Dominik (2008), Selective Security: War and the United Nations Security Council since 1945 (London: Routledge).
65
- Romaniuk, Peter (2010), Multilateral Counter-Terrorism: The Global Politics of Cooperation and Contestation (Abingdon: Routledge).
66
- Rosand, Eric, Millar, Alistair, and Ipe, Jason (2007), 'The UN Security Council's Counterterrorism Program: What Lies Ahead?', (New York: International Peace Academy).
67
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68
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69
- Rostow, Nicholas (2002), 'Before and after: The Changed UN Response to Terrorism Since September 11th', Cornell International Law Journal, 35:3, 475-490.
70
- Ruys, Tom (2010), Armed Attack’ and Article 51 of the UN Charter (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press).
71
- Sandholtz, Wayne (2008), 'Dynamics of International Norm Change: Rules against Wartime Plunder', European Journal of International Relations 14:1, 101-31.
72
- Sartori, Anne (2002), 'The Might of the Pen: A Reputational Theory of Communication in International Disputes', International Organization 56:1, 121-49.
73
- Sartori, Giovanni (1987), The Theory of Democracy Revisited (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House).
74
- Schelling, Thomas (1960), The Strategy of Conflict (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press).
75
- Schwartz, Jonathan (2007), 'Dealing With a 'Rogue State': The Libya Precedent', American Journal of International Law 101:3, 553-80.
76
- Shahabuddeen, Mohamed (2007), Precedent in the World Court (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press).
77
- Shapiro, Martin (1968), The Supreme Court and Administrative Agencies (New York: Free Press).
78
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79
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80
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81
- --- (2013), 'Rational Choice and International Relations', in Walter Carlsnaes, Thomas Risse, and Beth Simmons (eds.), Handbook of International Relations (2nd edn.; London: Sage), 85-111.
82
- Stiles, Kendall (2006), “The Power of Procedure and the Procedures of the Powerful: Anti-Terror Law in the United Nations”, Journal of Peace Research 43:1, 37-54.
83
- Stone, Randall (2013), 'Informal Governance in International Organizations: Introduction to the Special Issue', Review of International Organization 8:2, 121-36.
84
- Stone Sweet, Alec (2000), Governing with Judges: Constitutional Politics in Europe (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press).
85
- --- (2002), 'Path Dependence, Precedent, and Judicial Power', in Martin Shapiro and Alec Stone Sweet(eds.), On Law, Politics, and Judicialization (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press), 112-35.
86
- Sugden, Robert (1995), ‘A Theory of Focal Points’, Economic Journal 105:430, 533-50.
87
- --- and Zamarrَn, Ignacio (2006), 'Finding the Key: The Riddle of Focal Points', Journal of Economic Psychology 27:5, 609-21.
88
- Talmon, Stefan (2003), 'The Statements by the President of the Security Council', Chinese Journal of International Law 2:2, 419-65.
89
- --- (2005), 'The Security Council as World Legislature', American Journal of International Law 99:1, 175-93.
90
- Tallberg, Jonas (2006), 'Formal Leadership in Multilateral Negotiations: A Rational Institutionalist Theory', Hague Journal of Diplomacy 1:2, 117-41.
91
- Tiller, Emerson and Cross, Frank (2006), 'What Is Legal Doctrine?', Northwestern University Law Review 100:1, 517-33.
92
- Thatcher, Margaret (1993), The Downing Street Years (London: Harper Collins).
93
- Thompson, Alexander (2006a), 'Coercion Through IOs: The Security Council and The Logic of Information Transmission', International Organization 60:1, 1-34.
94
- --- (2006b), 'Screening Power: International Organizations as Informative Agents', in Darren Hawkins, et al. (eds.), Delegation and Agency in International Organizations (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press), 229-54.
95
- --- (2009), Channels of Power: The UN Security Council and U.S. Statecraft in Iraq (Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press).
96
- Voeten, Erik (2001), 'Outside Options and the Logic of Security Council Action', American Political Science Review 95:4, 845-58.
97
- --- (2005), 'The Political Origins of the UN Security Council's Ability to Legitimize the Use of Force', International Organization 59:3, 527-57.
98
- --- (2008), 'Delegation and the Nature of Security Council Authority', in Bruce Cronin and Ian Hurd (eds.), The UN Security Council and the Politics of International Authority (London: Routledge), 43-56.
99
- Vreeland, James and Dreher, Axel (2014), The Political Economy of the United Nations Security Council: Money and Influence (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press).
100
- Wallensteen, Peter and Johansson, Patrik (2004), 'Security Council Decisions in Perspective', in David Malone (ed.), The UN Security Council: From the Cold War to the 21st Century (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner), 17-33.
101
- Whitfield, Teresa (2007), Friends Indeed?: The United Nations, Groups of Friends, and the Resolution of Conflict (Washington, DC: United States of Peace Institute). Allain, Jean (2004), 'The Legacy of Lockerbie: Judicial Review of Security Council Actions or the First Manifestation of Terrorism as a Threat to International Peace?', Indian Journal of International Law 44:1, 74-126.
102
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Foreign Policy Discourse of Extremist Hindus
The present article explores the discourse of extremist Hindus after Gandhi. Gandhi’s discourse, in his lifetime, was to become the most important political driving force in India. Having been assassinated by an extremist Hindu, function of Gandhi’s discourse has, too, faced many ups and downs in the context of historic developments and following competing discourses and debates, all of which had played a role in shaping India’s foreign policy. In this sense, the significance of taking into consideration Gandhi’s discourse is being felt more than ever. The present paper examines the effective historic developments, which have contributed to shaping India’s foreign policy, basic debates, and discourses based on Hinduism in India, all of which define Gandhi’s discourse as their otherness. The main question of the research is “What discourses and to what extent have they been envisaged in India’s foreign policy?” The assumption of the research is as follows: “With respect to Gandhi’s legacy, India has pursued idealistic policies. However, idealism has managed to shift to realism in the face of extreme nationalism discourses. Gandhi’s discourse deviates from practical politics. Thus, Hindu-based political parties, such as Bharatiya Janata Party as the main otherness of Gandhi’s discourse, dominate India’s foreign policy.”
https://www.rahbordsyasi.ir/article_120859_a7a920d230c9e110c13ed29f55eb7a53.pdf
2021-02-19
57
75
Discourse
Gandhi
Hinduism
extremist parties
Hindu nationalism
Mohammad Hassan
Shaykh al-Islami
mhsheikh@gmail.com
1
Associate Professor of International Relations Faculty of International Relations, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
Omid
Babelian
omidbabelian7@gmail.com
2
Corresponding Author, PhD Candidate in India studies, Faculty of World studies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
- Abraham, Itty I. (2014). How India became territorial: Foreign policy, diaspora, geopolitics. Stanford University Press.
1
- Ansari, Khalid. (2016). Hindu Nationalism in Theory and Practice. Doctoral dissertation, Duke University.
2
- Arora, Vishal. (2008). «Religion and Politics in India. » Presented at the Oxford Centre for Religion and Public Life. Washington DC. July 28 to August 1, 2008. Accessed at: http://vishalarora.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id= 27&Itemid=21
3
- Basu, Armita. (2006). «Mass Movement or Elite Conspiracy? The Puzzle of Hindu Nationalism, » in Making India Hindu, ed. David Ludden,New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
4
- Bhambhri, Chandra Prakash. (2007). The Indian State and Political Process. Delhi: Shipra Publication.
5
- Brass, Paul R. (1994). The Politics of India since Independence. Cambrige University Press.
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- Chakrabarty, Bidyut. (2009). Modern Indian Political Thought, New Delhi: SAGE Publication.
7
- Copland, Ian, McGuire, J. (Eds.). (2007). Hindu nationalism and governance. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
8
- Fairclough, Norman (2013). Critical Discourse Analysis, Routledge, New York.
9
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11
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12
- Hasan, Mushirul (2007). Nehru’s India: selected speeches (New York: Oxford University Press).
13
- Jaffrelot, Christophe. (2007). Hindu Nationalism, A Reader. New Dahli: Permanent Black.
14
- Jorgensen, Marianne & Philips, Louise (2002). Discourse Analysis as Theory and Method, SAGE Publications Ltd, London.
15
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- Madhav, Sadashiv Golwalkar (1966). Bunch of thoughts, Bangalore: vikrama Prakashan.
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- Narayanan, M. K. (2016). Non-alignment to multi-alignment, THE Hindu, JANUARY 05, 2016, available at: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/Non-alignment-to-multi-alignment/article13982580.ece
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- Pandit, Kristul (2013). The Oxford Handbook of the Indian Economy, edited by Chetan Ghate, (2012) New York: Oxford University Press, Journal of regional science, 53(3).
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- Scot, Deivid (2009). India’s drive for a blue water navy, journal of military and strategic studies, vol.10, no.2, 2007-2008.
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- Sen, Ragini, Wagner, Wolfgang. (2009). «Cultural Mechanics of Fundamentalism: Religion as Ideology, Divided Identities and Violence in Post-Gandhi India,» Culture & Psychology, Vol. 5(3).
25
- Shakir, Moin. Islam in Indian Politics. Delhi: Ajanta Publications, 1983.
26
- Sikdar, Simire (2013). Capital flows and exchange rate management: oxford India short introductions, OUP Catalogue.
27
- Singh, Manhoman. (2005). What challenges is India confronted with in light of its rapidly expanding economy?, August 3, 2005, THE GLOBALIST, available at: https://www.theglobalist.com/manmohan-singh-speaks-his-mind/
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- Soltani, Seyyed Aliasghar (1383). Discourse Analysis as Theory and Method, Political Science (A Scientific-Research-Based Quarterly), 7th Year, No. 28, 153-180. (in Persian).
29
- Van Der Veer, Peter. (2006) «Religion in South Aisa. » Annual Review Anthropology, 31: 173-187. Accessed at: www.annualreviews.org
30
- Vanaik, Achin. (2006), «Communalization of the Indian Polity, » in India’s Political Parties, eds. Peter Ronald Desouza and E. Sridharan (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2006)
31
- Wallace, P. (1980). Plebiscitary Politics in India's 1980 Parliamentary Elections: Punjab and Haryana. Asian Survey, 20(6), 617-633.
32
- Weiner, M., Burra, N., & Bajpai, A. (2006). Born Unfree: Child Labour, Education, and the State. OUP Catalogue.
33
- Yahya, Freed. (2003). India and Southeast Asia: revisited, contemporary Southeast Asia, vol.25, No.1, April.
34
- Yuan, Jethe (2001). India’s rise after Pokhran II: Chinese Analyses and Assessments. Asian Survey, Vol.41, No.6.
35
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Turkey's foreign policy in the Syrian crisis
This article analyze Turkey's aggressive foreign policy in the face of the Syrian crisis with an explanatory method and from the perspective of defensive realism. Therefore, the main question of the research is, why Turkey's foreign policy in the Syrian crisis is aggressive? The temporary answer is that Turkey, by perceiving the threat of extremists spilling over into its internal borders, threatening the autonomy of the Syrian Kurds, as well as Turkey's long-term geopolitical prospects, has led its aggressive foreign policy in the Syrian crisis. The findings of the study indicate that as the crisis intensifies near the Turkish border, Turkish decision-makers have increased the level of military violence in the Syrian crisis. In other words, there is a positive correlation between the extent to which Turkey receives a threat from the Syrian crisis, and the degree to which its foreign policy is becoming more aggressive. The method of data collection in this research is based on the library method which includes the simultaneous use of domestic and foreign scientific articles.
https://www.rahbordsyasi.ir/article_119911_ebfe9403d90a2ba98a1b2c29fb4b27c2.pdf
2021-02-19
77
91
Turkey
Syrian Crisis
Defensive realism
Foreign Policy
State
mahdyeh
heydari
m.heydari2010@yahoo.com
1
PhD student in International Relations, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
- Alaranta, Toni, (207), ‘’Turkish Troops in Syria’’, FIIA Briefing Paper 214.
1
- Babri, Niknam, Ebrahimi, Shahrooz, (2017), "The Syrian crisis and its impact on Turkey's national and regional interests", Quarterly Journal of International Relations Research, Volume 8, Number 28, pp. 149-178.
2
- Dehghani Firoozabadi, Seyed Jalal (2015), Principles and Foundations of International Relations (1), Tehran: Samat.
3
- Hesam Ghazi, Rojan, Nouri, Mehdi, (2017), "Turkey's position in the conflicting conflicts in the Syrian crisis", Policy Studies, Volume 4, Number 7, pp. 79-102.
4
- Karimifard, Hossein, (2017), "Iran-Turkey Interaction and Confrontation in the Syrian Crisis", Politics Quarterly, No. 13, pp. 71-84
5
- Khalilinejad Kashkooi, Ruhollah, Dehshiar, Hussein (1396), "The Syrian Crisis and Turkey's National Security", Political Research in the Islamic World, Volume 7, Number 2, pp. 107-140.
6
- Kirby, Jen,(2019), ‘’ The US and Turkey Reached a Syrian Ceasefire. But What Does That Mean? It Certainly Looks as Though It’s a Big Win for Turkey’’, Vox, 17 October, https://www.vox.com/2019/10/17/20919566/turkey-syria-usceasefire-erdogan-pence-kurds (Accessed: 6 November 2019) 12.
7
- Lobell, Steve. Eretal (ed) (2009), “Neo Classical Realism, the state and Foreign Policy’’, Com bridge: Cambridge.universityPress.
8
- McKernan, Bethan, Borger, Julian(2019), ‘’Turkey and Russia agree on deal over buffer zone in northern Syria, Erdoğan hails agreement with Putin in which Kurdish fighters will be moved from border area’’, The Guardian, 22 October 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/22/turkey- and-russia-agree-deal-over-buffer-zone-innorthern-syria (Accessed: 6 November 2019).
9
- Moshirzadeh Homeira (2005), Evolution in Theories of International Relations, Tehran, Samat.
10
- Stiftung, Konrad Adenauer,(2019), ‘’Turkey’s Foreign Policy Towards Syria Frome Neo –Ottoman Adventurism to Neo- Ottoman Realpolitik’’, Foreign Policy Research Institute.
11
- Walt, Stephen m, (1987), The Origins of Alliance , Cornell University press.
12
- Walt, Stephen M. , (2008) , Why Alliance Endure or Collops?, Survival , Vo., 39. No,2.
13
- Walt, Stephen, (2008), "Alliance in a Unipolarubid," World Politics Magazin.
14
- Williams, Lauren, (2017), ‘’ISIS Has Polarized Turkey Domestically’’, Daily Star, Lebanon.
15
- Zinnes, D.A. (1980) ‘Three Puzzles in Search of a Researcher: A Presidential Address’, International Studies Quarterly, 24(3), pp. 315-342.
16
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Indeterminate Regionalism in the Middle East
This paper will examine regionalism and anti-regionalism trends in the Middle East after the Arab uprisings. The implementation of Trump policies in the region, the rise and fall of ISIS, the decline of the Arab uprisings, the convergence and divergence trends in the Middle East, especially among its three major actors Iran, Saudi Arabia and Turkey, have caused particular complexities. All this, has made it impossible to speak of the regional order in the Middle East, and the two processes of regionalism and anti-regionalism in the region are simultaneously emerging. The paper will explore these opposing trends in terms of recent developments and will essentially emphasize how these two opposite processes will reproduce each other in terms joint and divided security concerns? And why regionalism has not ever been fully evolved in the Middle East? It seems that the multiplicity of influential factors and the complexity of the existing relations have made very difficult the possibility of convergence and specifically regionalism in the Middle East.
https://www.rahbordsyasi.ir/article_119817_fda8f209fbef99d5775aac22ced0a1b1.pdf
2021-02-19
93
112
regionalism
Middle East
Iran
Turkey
Saudi Arabia and USA
naser
pourebrahim
pourebrahim.nasser@metu.edu.tr
1
PhD candidate at Middle East Technical University (Ankara), Department of International Relations, Ankara, Turkey.
AUTHOR
Reza
Nasiri Hamed
r.nasirihamed@tabrizu.ac.ir
2
Assistant Professor of Institute of Iranian History and Culture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
- Bal, Ihsan. “Turkey – US Relations: Security and Terrorism”, [In Turkish] Avrasya Dosyası 2006, 12 (3) 91-117.
1
- Barzegar, Kayhan. "Iran's Interests and Values and the 'Arab Spring'" Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, April 20, 2011. retrieved from:https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/irans-interests-and-values-and-arab-spring.
2
- Bechev, Dimitar. “Normalizing Russian-Turkish Economic Relations”, Al Sharq Forum, 20 February 2018. retrieved from: https://www.sharqforum.org/2018/02/20/normalizing-russian-turkish-economic-relations/
3
- Bilgin, Pinar, Regional Security in the Middle East: A Critical Perspective, (London and New York: Routledge), (2005)
4
- Boghardt, Lori Plotkin. “Gulf Support to the Counter-ISIS Campaign”, The Washington Institute, March 21, 2017. retrieved from: https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/gulf-support-to-the-counter-isis-campaign
5
- Buzan, Barry and Ana Gonzalez-Pelaez. International Society and the Middle East–English School Theory at the Regional Level (2009).
6
- “Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman Talks to TIME About the Middle East, Saudi Arabia's Plans and President Trump”, TIME, April 5, 2018, retrieved from: http://time.com/5228006/mohammed-bin-salman-interview-transcript-full.
7
- Cohen, Ariel. “U.S.-Saudi Relations Stress Tested By Khashoggi Crisis, Oct 22, 2018”, retrieved from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/arielcohen/2018/10/22/u-s-saudi-relations-stress-tested-by-khashoggi-crisis/#51b41db0fef9.
8
- European Union, Trade in goods with Iran, Report of European Commission, 16-04-2018 retrieved from: http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2006/september/tradoc_113392.pdf.
9
- Farrell, Mary, Björn Hettne, and Luk Van Langenhove. Global politics of regionalism: theory and practice. Pluto Pr, 2005.
10
- Fawcett, Louise. "Alliances and regionalism in the Middle East" International relations of the Middle East (2016): 196-217.
11
- Freeman, Ben. “ How Much It Costs to Buy US Foreign Policy Everything—even support for human-rights atrocities—has a price, The Nation”, OCTOBER 4, 2018. retrieved from: https://www.thenation.com/article/how-much-it-costs-to-buy-us-foreign-policy/
12
- Işıksal, Hüseyin. "Political Chaos in Iraq, ISIS, and Turkish Foreign Policy: The High Cost of the Westphalian Delusion", Turkey’s Relations with the Middle East, Springer, Cham, 2018. 83-103.
13
- “Iranian President Hassan Rouhani threatens to close Strait of Hormuz”, DW. 22.07.2018, retrieved from: https://p.dw.com/p/31sdf.
14
- “Iran Exports to China Rise 25% in 2017”, Financial Tribune, February 05, 2018, retrieved from: https://financialtribune.com/node/81519
15
- Hashem, Ali. “Iran’s post-ISIS Regional Strategy”, December 14, 2017, Turkish Policy Quarterly, Retrieved from: http://turkishpolicy.com/article/884/irans-post-isis-regional-strategy.
16
- Hennigan,W.J. “What Makes the U.S.-Saudi Relationship So Special? Weapons, Oil and 'An Army of Lobbyists”, Time, October 18, 2018 retrieved from: http://time.com/5428669/saudi-arabia-military-relationship/?fbclid=IwAR2nMRgSpJhhskfog3zxsD2X6RFOEnh6zf8LvwybJCEXt8j-0UA13GcP6lI.
17
- Hinnebusch, Raymond. "The politics of identity in Middle East international relations", International relations of the Middle East (2016): 155-175.
18
- Hettne, Björn. "Globalization and the new regionalism: the second great transformation", Globalism and the new regionalism. Palgrave Macmillan, London, 1999. 1-24.
19
- Hudson, Michael C. "The United States in the Middle East", International relations of the Middle East (2016): 356-379.
20
- Hurrell, Andrew. "Regionalism in theoretical perspective", Regionalism in world politics: Regional organization and international order (1995): 37-73.
21
- Jones, Toby Craig. "Saudi Arabia versus the Arab spring", Raritan 31.2 (2011): 43.
22
- Khandan, Sirous, Rashid Recabian, Mehrdad Alahpour, “The Study of Yemen crisis from Copenhagen perspective”, political strategy, No,12. Spring 2020, pp, 219-247 (in Persian).
23
- Jahangiri, Saeed , sadegh zibakalam, The impact of Islamic awakening on Arab uprisings, political strategy, No,9. Spring 2019, 63-79(in Persian).
24
- Kirişci, Kemal. “The Rise and Fall of Turkey as a Model for the Arab World”, Brookings, August 15, 2013 , retrieved from: https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/the-rise-and-fall-of-turkey-as-a-model-for-the-arab-world/
25
- McCutcheon, Chuck “U.S.-Iran Relations, Will the nuclear deal ease tensions?” March 4, 2016 – Volume 26, Issue 10, CQ Researcher, retrieved from: https://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre2016030400
26
- Pompeo, Mike. After the Deal: A New Iran Strategy, The Heritage Foundation Washington, DC,, May 21, 2018. retrieved from: https://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2018/05/282301.htm
27
- Sariolghalam, Mahmood. US Strategy toward Iran [in Persian], 11 November 2017, retrieved from: https://sariolghalam.com
28
- “Saudi Arabia and United States Economic Relations” [In Arabic], Saudi News Agency, 16 May 2017, retrieved from: https://www.spa.gov.sa/viewstory.php?lang=fa&newsid=1630281
29
- “Trump's speech at the Arab-American Islamic Summit” [in Arabic], Arabic CNN, 22 May 2017, retrieved from: https://arabic.cnn.com/middle-east/2017/05/22/trump-arab-islamic-american-summit-riyadh-full-speech .
30
- “US, China and Saudi Arabia top list of military spending”, Aljazeera, 2 May 2018, retrieved from: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/05/china-saudi-arabia-top-list-military-spending-180502060524362.html.
31
- Zanotti, Jim and Clayton Thomas. Turkey: Background and U.S. Relations in Brief, Congressional Research Service, August 31, 2018, retrieved from: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/R44000.pdf.
32
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Analysis of China's role in the Persian Gulf with its Security view of the Country to the Region (after the Islamic Awakening)
Islamic awakening is a movement, which has exploited the Muslim nations for many years to return Islam to the social and individual life of Muslims, and in contrast to the international domination system. The evolutions have left abundant effects, and have affected the foreign policy of some countries with political and economic relations with the Middle East countries, especially the Persian Gulf. This study has investigated the role of China in the Persian Gulf with the security view of the country to the region (after the Islamic awakening evolutions). The main question in this study is: what approach was taken by China in the Persian Gulf after the Islamic Awakening evolutions? The results of this study showed that the approach of China to the evolutions of the Persian Gulf and the Middle East has faced a security perspective. The geopolitical and economic interests of China in the Middle East and the Persian Gulf have formed the behaviors of the country against such evolutions. The most important dimension of the geopolitical interests of China can be preventing the regional order in the Persian Gulf from becoming hegemonic. Also, the most underlying dimension of economic interests has can be supplying energy security. According to these interests, China got an impartial position in the Tunisia, Egypt, Bahrain, and Yemen crises. In the Libya crisis, China accompanied the International Community and played role in the Syria crisis in contrast to the West and Arab League. The behavior of China against the Islamic Awakening Evolutions was a gradual movement from the margins to the core of crises. China became a key activist in the later crises of the region.
https://www.rahbordsyasi.ir/article_130368_4ade43f2f781e4b9953705ce3d968af7.pdf
2021-02-19
113
123
Persian Gulf region
Islamic awakening
Foreign Policy
China
Security
Hesamuddin
Azimifar
1
Ph.D. Student, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Shahreza Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahreza, Iran.
AUTHOR
Mohammad Reza
Aqarabparast
aghareb@yahoo.com
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Shahreza Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahreza, Iran, (Corresponding Author),
LEAD_AUTHOR
Seyed Mostafa
Madani
3
Assistant Professor, Department of Strategic Sciences, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
- Camp J. (2004), Strategic Geography of the Middle East, Trans: Mohammad Mehdi Matin, Volume I, Tehran: Strategic Studies Publications, 1: 23-36 (in Persian).
1
- Ebrahimi N. (2011), "The Impact of Social Networks and Satellite Channels on the Occurrence and Development of the Arab Revolutions", Quarterly Journal of Strategic Studies, 8(2): 67-78 (in Persian).
2
- Hassan Tash G. (2013), China and Energy in the Persian Gulf, Tehran: Nou Andish Publications, 2: 11-25 (in Persian).
3
- Khorsandi J. (2013), International Impacts of the Islamic Revolution of Iran, Tehran: Islamic Revolution Documentation Center, 2: 94-106 (in Persian).
4
- Kuangyi Y. (2017), “Development of Sino – Arab Relation and the Evolution of China’s Middle East Policy the New Era”, Journal of Middle Eastern and Iskamic Studies, 15(2): 14-29.
5
- Maleki A. (2013), Analysis of the Foreign Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Rahbord Quarterly, 2(5): 58-63 (in Persian).
6
- Morgenthau H. (1995), Politics among Nations, Trans. Homeira Moshirzadeh, Tehran: Publishing Institute of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 3: 197-206 (in Persian).
7
- Naeini M. (2019), The Concept and Dimensions of Soft Threat in Security Studies, Tehran: Saghi Publications, 2: 105-119(in Persian).
8
- Namayeshi A. (2007), "China's Economic and Trade Capacities in Iraq", Ravand Monthly, February 2(1): 46-59 (in Persian).
9
- Noruzi M. (2013), Arabic Spring - Islamic Awakening Book, Tehran: Tarh-e Nou Publications, 1: 216-227 (in Persian).
10
- Pirsalami A. (2015), "China and Iran, Foreign Policy Strategies and the Challenge of Inclusive Cooperation" Quarterly Journal of Foreign Relations, 7(3): 92-101 (in Persian).
11
- Saharkhiz A. (2009), "Economic Relations between China and the Persian Gulf Countries", Quarterly Journal of Events and Analysis, 23(6): 4-10 (in Persian).
12
- Shabani R. (2018), Soft Power and Cultural Identity in the Islamic Republic of Iran, Soft Power Quarterly, 3(9): 80-94 (in Persian).
13
- Talebifar A. (2011), Strategic Relations between Iran and China, Tehran: Strategic Publications, 4: 132-140 (in Persian).
14
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
hermeneutical dialogue theory (a method for reading the political text)
Reading the political thoughts throughout the twentieth century, have been accompanied less with the new theoretical achievement about dialogue. Subjectivism is dominant tradition to encounter the political thoughts. This research raises a hermeneutical theory of dialogue as a method and new experience to study of contemporary political thought. Hermeneutical theory of dialogue believes to declare rationality, emancipation, freedom and democracy totally at social interaction in reality everyday communication and we should not declare them like Descartes and other Rationalists as consequence of single mind of men. This article presents a progression and blending of different hermeneutics from the fusion of horizons approach of Gadamer's philosophical hermeneutics, through the Gadamer-Habermas debate to explore the interface between interpretive and critical approaches to text interpretations, to arrive at a research strategy that was created out of this debate. This strategy, hermeneutical dialogue, emphasises a) a deep understanding of the phenomenon being researched as well as b) a sceptical stance to this newly found deep understanding and c) the value of dialogue in transcending a fusion of understandings to achieve transformative action.
https://www.rahbordsyasi.ir/article_134693_e59c03b47b83572622c07ece57fb3483.pdf
2021-02-19
125
137
Dialogue
Deep Hermeneutical
Hermeneutical Dialogue
Habermas
Gadamer
Tooraj
Rrahmani
1
Assistant Professor of Political Science, Payamenoor University, Tehran, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Agger, Ben (1998). Critical social theory: An introduction. Oxford: Westview Press.
1
Caputo, John D. (2000). More radical hermeneutics: On not knowing who we are. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
2
Denzin, Norman K. & Lincoln, Yvonna S. (Eds.) (2000). Handbook of qualitative research (2nd edition). London: Sage.
3
Ferraris, Maurizio (1996). History of hermeneutics (transl. by Luca Somigli). Atlantic Highlands, NY: Humanities Press.
4
Gadamer, Hans-Georg (1991). Gadamer on Gadamer. In Hugh Silverman (Ed.), Gadamer and hermeneutics (pp.13-22). New York: Routledge.
5
Gadamer, Hans-Georg (1992a). Truth and method (transl. by Joel Weinsheimer & Donald G. Marshall). New York: Crossroad.
6
Gadamer, Hans-Georg (1992b). Hermeneutik und Autorität – eine Bilanz, In Ralph Kray, Ludwig Pfeiffer & Thomas Studer (Eds.), Autorität: Spektren harter Kommunikation (pp.205 210). Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.
7
Gadamer, Hans-Georg (1996). The enigma of health: The art of healing in a scientific age (transl. by Jason Gaiger & Nicholas Walker). Stanford, CA: Stanford UP.
8
Habermas, Jϋrgen (1972). Knowledge and human interest (transl. by Jeremy J. Shapiro). London: Heinemann.
9
Habermas, Jϋrgen (1984). The theory of communicative action. Volume 1: Reason and the rationalization of society (transl. by Thomas McCarthy). Oxford: Polity Press.
10
Habermas, Jϋrgen (1992). Faktizität und Geltung. Beiträge zur Diskurstheorie des Rechts und des demokratischen Rechtsstaats. Frankfurt a. M: Suhrkamp.
11
Habermas, Jϋrgen (2004). Public space and political public sphere—the biographical roots of two motifs in my thought. Commemorative Lecture, Kyoto, http://homepage.mac.com/gedavis/JH/Kyoto_lecture_Nov_2004.pdf [accessed 7/6/08].
12
Harrington, Austin (1999). Some problems with Gadamer's and Habermas' dialogical model of sociological understanding. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 29(4), 371-384.
13
Heit, Helmut (2006). Politischer Diskurs und dialogische Philosophie Jürgen Habermas. In Martin F. Meyer (Ed.), Zur Geschichte des Dialogs: Philosophische Positionen von Sokrates bis Habermas (pp 225-237). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
14
Kemmis, Stephen & McTaggart, Robin (2005). Participatory action research: Communicative action and the public sphere, In Norman K. Denzin & Yvonna S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 559-603). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
15
Kinsella, Elizabeth Anne (2006). Hermeneutics and critical hermeneutics: Exploring possibilities. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 7(3), Art. 19, http://nbnresolving. de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0603190 [accessed 4/20/07].
16
Lawler, Jocalyn (1998). Choosing a research approach: Matching questions with methodologies. In Joy Higgs (Ed.), Writing qualitative research (pp.69-80). Sydney: Hampden Press. Minichiello, Victor; Aroni, Rosalie; Timewell, Eric & Alexander, Loris (1996). In-depth interviewing. Melbourne: Longman.
17
Schwandt, Thomas (2001). Hermeneutic circle. In Thomas Schwandt, Dictionary of qualitative inquiry (pp.112-118). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publication.
18
Svenaeus, Fredrik (2000). Hermeneutics of clinical practice: The question of textuality. Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics, 21, 171-189.
19
Trede, Franziska (2008). A critical practice model for physiotherapy: Developing practice through critical transformative dialogues. Saarbrücken: VDM Verlag.
20
Trede, Franziska & Higgs, Joy (2008). Clinical reasoning and models of practice. In Joy Higgs, Mark A. Jones, Stephen Loftus & Nicole Christensen (Eds.), Clinical reasoning in the health professions (third edition, pp.31-42). London: Butterworth Heinemann Elsevier.
21
Willis, Peter & Smith, Robert (2000). Coming to being, seeking and telling, In Peter Willis, Robert T. Smith & Emily Collins (Eds.), Being, seeking, telling: Expressive approaches to qualitative adult education research (pp.1-20). Adelaide: Post Pressed.
22
Willis, Peter, Smith, Robert & Collins, Emily (Eds.) (2000). Being, seeking, telling: Expressive approaches to qualitative education research. Flaxton Queensland: Post Pressed.
23
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Corona Pandemic, symptom of the event The transformation of Neoliberal policies to a social imaginary
In Deleuze's views “event” is not an occurrence in the present, it is a process of becoming, which simultaneously is attached to past and future. It belongs to the trans-historical realm of Aion that in accord with the historical realm of Chronos creates a kind of perception which makes the event contingent. It is not a phenomenon or a thing, it is a creative, complex, yet immaterial force, something of thought and consciousness. Since, potentially, it has different possibilities for historical change in itself, by the break that it brings into historical perception of society, creates something new. Neoliberalism by its fundamental critique of the welfare state in Iran provided a condition in which, at least at the theoretical level, the withdrawal of the government from the social spheres has been considered as an imperative. Accordingly, a new social order was formed, the neoliberalism actualized its principals in society, but life has become more and more exhausting and unbearable for the lower classes. The Corona Pandemic better than any other occurrence exposed the falsity of the neoliberal perspectives. Not only Coronavirus did convince most of the people for the government's return to society, it also at the expense of neoliberal individualism revived the social. The misery of present situation from one side destroys the social imaginary that caused the application of neoliberal policies as historical event on life of people; from other side it brings to society a chance to imagine a better future. In this article by leaning on Deleuze view of “event”, we are going to show how neoliberalism by transforming itself to a “social imaginary” became a path breaking event that promised to open up a new era of socio-political life in Iran. The study offers how corona pandemic discloses the neoliberal disguise on the progress and welfare; it attempts to reveal the delusion neoliberal promise, particularly in its relation to lower classes of society.
https://www.rahbordsyasi.ir/article_134692_89f3f9e5cedc6305c023aff1ff7a7cb2.pdf
2021-02-19
139
151
Corona Pandemic
neoliberalism
Deleuze
Event
Welfare State
Mohammad
Mohammadi
m3mohammadi@gmail.com
1
faculty member of political science department in Islamic Azad university of Iran, Ayatollah Amoli Branch., Amol, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
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