Journal of Political Strategy

Investigating the parameters of Trump's foreign policy in the Middle East(From the beginning to the departure of the (JCPOA)

Alireza Beheshti; Esmaeil Shafiee

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 20 February 2022

Abstract

  Foreign policy has differed at various points in its history from influential actors in the international system. With Donald Trump's arrival at the White House, US foreign policy vis-à-vis ...  Read More Foreign policy has differed at various points in its history from influential actors in the international system. With Donald Trump's arrival at the White House, US foreign policy vis-à-vis different countries has changed dramatically, with differences in Obama's foreign policy. Trump's emphasis on economic variables, given the background of his economic activities, did not enable him to use interactive approaches to resolve tensions and disputes with some governments in the Middle East on the one hand and resolve conflicts between governments in the Middle East on the other. Power, security, and balance of power in the Middle East were considered the most central concepts in the international arena of his foreign policy vis-à-vis the Middle East during his presidency. Leaving Bridgewater is one of the most significant examples of the Trump administration's distance from the interactive and peaceful approaches in the Middle East. In the present paper, the components of economic hegemony, Islamic divergence under the pretext of terrorism, unilateralism, and increased deterrence in Trump's foreign policy toward the Middle East are examined in a descriptive-analytical approach based on Kenneth Waltz's realism approach.

---

• View Article

The position of Takfiri terrorism in the balancing strategy of Saudi Arabia threat to Iran (2011-2022)

morteza Sheikh Darreh Ney; Reza ekhtiari amiri; Hossein rafie

Volume 7, Issue 3 , December 2023, , Pages 33-58

Abstract

  After the developments known as the Arab Spring, the perceptions of the Saudis regarding the increasing power and regional influence of Iran as the main threat changed. On this basis, ...  Read More After the developments known as the Arab Spring, the perceptions of the Saudis regarding the increasing power and regional influence of Iran as the main threat changed. On this basis, the Saudis changed their foreign policy from a conservative mode of maintaining the status quo to an aggressive policy, and in this way, the threat balance policy became the dominant approach in the Saudi diplomatic apparatus. Saudi Arabia, exploiting the capacity of terrorist and takfiri groups that grew directly and indirectly from the body of this current; It was considered as one of the most important balancing tools to reduce Iran's influence and regional power and its threats. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to investigate the position of Takfiri terrorism in the balancing strategy of Saudi Arabia's threat against Iran during the years 2011 to 2022. This research has been written in analytical-explanatory method using library and internet sources.The findings of the research indicate that Saudi Arabia has provided various support to Takfiri terrorist groups in order to balance against the threats and influence of Iran in the Middle East, especially in areas such as Syria, Iraq and Yemen.

---

• View Article
• PDF 726.79 K

Investigating the position of artificial intelligence and its application strategies in the United States of America

Zahra Sharifzadeh; Amir Hooshang Mirkooshesh; Mohammad Mahdi Hosseini

Volume 7, Issue 4 , December 2023, , Pages 57-87

Abstract

  In the current study, the place of artificial intelligence in foreign policy strategy, the amount of investment and use of artificial intelligence in the field of international relations ...  Read More In the current study, the place of artificial intelligence in foreign policy strategy, the amount of investment and use of artificial intelligence in the field of international relations and future wars of the United States of America were analyzed in the framework of game theory. The type of research is theoretical-applied. The statistical community of professors and experts who are active in the field of artificial intelligence and American studies with specialized doctorate and postdoctoral degrees; They were selected by snowball sampling. In addition to referring to existing books and documents, the tool for data collection was using a closed questionnaire on a Likert scale.The data was analyzed in spss software.The obtained results show that the United States, seeking to improve its economic situation, has considered one of the main goals of artificial intelligence development. On the other hand, the improvement of scientific and research capacities as well as the improvement and development of technical and data infrastructures have also been considered.Overall, all US strategies in artificial intelligence have seven themes:Financing of research and development, regulation and regulation and development of standards, culture building, training, consulting services, networking, support for cooperation and ecosystem and stimulation of market demand.

---

• View Article
• PDF 1.29 M

The Role of Non-State Actors in the Stability and Balance of Regional System and Security Arrangements in the Middle East

Hossein Sayahi; amirali ketabi

Volume 7, Issue 3 , December 2023, , Pages 103-136

Abstract

  At present, non-state actors are also engaged in regional and international systems. In the Middle East, certain factions have successfully bolstered their influence in the region by ...  Read More At present, non-state actors are also engaged in regional and international systems. In the Middle East, certain factions have successfully bolstered their influence in the region by attaining authority and bolstering their military capacities, thus impacting the stability and security arrangements. The current historical period has seen a significant focus on researching the role of non-state players in the Middle East, mostly due to regional tensions and ongoing crises. This article employs qualitative research methods, case study approaches, theoretical frameworks, and utilizes library and internet resources to investigate the influence of non-state actors, such as Hezbollah in Lebanon, Hamas and Islamic Jihad in Gaza and Palestine, Shia forces in Iraq, and the Houthis in Yemen, on the stability and power balance in the Middle East regional system. The hypothesis suggests that non-state entities have the potential to serve as a deterrence in the primary power struggle between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Israel in the Middle East. They have the ability to avert the disruption of regional power equilibrium and the occurrence of a widespread and highly intense conflict, therefore avoiding instability, imbalance, and the collapse and transformation of the regional system.

---

• View Article
• PDF 819.15 K

Analyzing the relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia in line with the regional power balance theory

Hosseinali Mehrnia

Volume 7, Issue 4 , December 2023, , Pages 189-206

Abstract

  Iran and Saudi Arabia are considered important powers in the West Asian region, and each is seeking to increase its influence in these regions as well as in the Islamic world, which ...  Read More Iran and Saudi Arabia are considered important powers in the West Asian region, and each is seeking to increase its influence in these regions as well as in the Islamic world, which has caused an increasing competition between the two countries. The competition between the two countries has had a significant impact on the relationship between them and has gone through many ups and downs. In the course of these relations, sometimes these two countries have clashed over regional, cultural and religious issues, and sometimes they have cooperated on common interests. By raising the question of how the relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia have been in line with the regional balance of power theory, this research has reached the answer that the relations between these two countries have influenced regional developments and policies and the two countries During the last three decades, they have competed in the implementation of regional policies. During the last three decades, they have competed in the implementation of regional policies

---

• View Article
• PDF 676.77 K

A comparative study of the position of the government and citizens in the era of globalization in Germany and France

Zaniyar Peyvandi; Somayeh Ghanbari

Volume 7, Issue 4 , December 2023, , Pages 283-302

Abstract

  Globalization is an inevitable process that means internationalization and eliminating geographical boundaries. The thinkers of different countries talk about the world in a different ...  Read More Globalization is an inevitable process that means internationalization and eliminating geographical boundaries. The thinkers of different countries talk about the world in a different way, there is not much consensus about it. Today, globalization is the most obvious trend in the convergence of countries, the most important aspect of which is the economic aspect. On the other hand, currently citizenship rights are one of the important legal topics both at the domestic and international level, in the meantime, the French and German constitutions pay attention to citizenship rights and the difference of ethnicity.does not include race and language in enjoying this right. In this article, the attempt is to describe and analyze globalization and its effects on citizenship rights, while defining comprehensively and completely the concept of globalization, the challenges of globalization as well as the positive consequences. And its negative aspects should be examined in relation to citizenship rights. In the following, the effects of globalization on citizenship rights and ways to promote citizenship rights in the age of globalization are described and explained. The research hypothesis is that the available evidence indicates a positive effect of globalization on citizenship rights

---

• View Article
• PDF 805.43 K

Donald Trump's foreign policy in the Middle East and its impact on reducing the tension between Israel and Saudi Arabia

rhim piri; Alireza Rezaei

Volume 7, Issue 2 , August 2023, , Pages 97-124

Abstract

  first","militarism"and"economic nationalism",and his main attitude towards foreign policy is based on interests and trade.In this approach, recognition the strategy and components of ...  Read More first","militarism"and"economic nationalism",and his main attitude towards foreign policy is based on interests and trade.In this approach, recognition the strategy and components of the Trump administration's foreign policy in the Middle East is of particular importance.This article seeks to explain the Trump administration's foreign policy process in the Middle East and its influencing variables by applying theories of neorealism and economic nationalism and using the descriptive method.In the following,it analyzes the relevance of Trump's Middle East policy to reducing the tension between Israel and Saudi Arabia using an analytical method.The findings of research show that are having a common enemy in the name of Iran, the axis of Islamic resistance,Islamic awakening and Iran nuclear deal with theP5+1.They also seek to portray a negative image of Iran and present it as a common threat to the Sunni Arab states of the region and the Zionist regime and to shift the focus of the crisis from the Arab- Israeli conflict to the Shiite- Sunni conflict.

---

• View Article

The confrontation between Russia and the West in Ukraine and its impact on Iran's national interests (along with the suggestion of media approaches)

mahdi shirmohammadi

Volume 7, Issue 1 , April 2023, , Pages 87-111

Abstract

  Since February 24 (March 5, 1400), when the war in Ukraine began, the conflict between Russia and the United States in Ukraine has led to an increase in Iran's strategic importance. ...  Read More Since February 24 (March 5, 1400), when the war in Ukraine began, the conflict between Russia and the United States in Ukraine has led to an increase in Iran's strategic importance. The proximity of Tehran-Moscow positions and their common interests have led to greater cooperation between the two countries. The war in Ukraine has many consequences and the normalization of the situation in this region may take years. The main question of the article is, what are the main benefits of Iran's national political interests and its fields, military, economic, regional defense, etc. in the war between Russia and Ukraine? The method of this article is qualitative in terms of the nature of data and practical in terms of purpose, and descriptive-analytical in terms of data collection method. In terms of field data collection, this research is based on interviews with 151 experts and extensive use of library studies. It has been measured by simple stratified-random method and using Cronbach's alpha formula. The findings and conclusions show that Iran can benefit from the opportunities created by the confrontation of the balance of power between Russia and the United States in the Ukraine war crisis

---

• View Article
• PDF 922.05 K

The conflicting approach of the European Union to the sovereignty of states and the violation of the doctrine of jurisdiction

mohammad laelalizadeh; afshin jafari

Volume 7, Issue 1 , April 2023, , Pages 113-130

Abstract

  The relationship between the European governments and the European Union as a transnational institution has been the subject of debate in terms of decision-making and the right to exercise ...  Read More The relationship between the European governments and the European Union as a transnational institution has been the subject of debate in terms of decision-making and the right to exercise sovereignty or decision-making authority. In the present study, an attempt has been made to investigate the conflicting approach of the European Union towards the sovereignty of states and the violation of the doctrine of jurisdiction. The question is, what are the conflicting cases between the member states and the European Union? With the qualitative method and descriptive-analytical approach, this hypothesis was examined: the right to self-determination by the people of the member states of the Union and the right to make judicial, legislative and executive decisions based on the norms and values of each nation is denied and national sovereignty is marginalized. The findings of the research indicate that the EU institution, regardless of the details, the local context of each land, the interests and values of each society, only deals with decision-making and implementation among the member states from a general perspective. Its examples in the criminal field are mutual recognition and in the political field,

---

• View Article
• PDF 687.46 K

America's economic war against China Emphasizing the constructivist theory

ehsan jafari far; hadi zoka dadgostar

Volume 6, Issue 3 , November 2022, , Pages 29-50

Abstract

  After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the unipolar world with the hegemony of America, with the emergence of emerging powers, including China, has strengthened the idea of ​​transforming ...  Read More After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the unipolar world with the hegemony of America, with the emergence of emerging powers, including China, has strengthened the idea of ​​transforming the international system from unipolar to multipolar. The problem of this research is that despite China's claim that the country's economic rise is peaceful, it does not convince the circles and American politicians. Therefore, this research, which is descriptive-analytical and collected with library documents, seeks to answer the question, what are the views and policies of the United States regarding China's economic rise? The findings of the research show that China's economic rise has been accompanied by economic policies. These policies include the membership and establishment of international organizations, international projects such as the revival of the Silk Road, investment and lending. According to the analyzes in the framework of the constructivist theory, it should be said that in the eyes of the United States, a peaceful uprising does not remove the accusation of a serious threat to this country as a revisionist country. Based on this point of view, the United States has been convinced that it should take practical measures in order to contain China

---

• View Article
• PDF 961.42 K

Investigating the Impact of US Sanctions on the Public Health of Iranian Citizens:: Case Study of Yasouj City

Maryam Rahmani; ali bagheri Dolatabadi; Ali Taghvaeinia

Volume 6, Issue 3 , November 2022, , Pages 95-120

Abstract

  Sanctions are one of the foreign policy tools of states to change the behavior of other states and pursue their national interests. The United States is one of the countries that has ...  Read More Sanctions are one of the foreign policy tools of states to change the behavior of other states and pursue their national interests. The United States is one of the countries that has used the most sanctions against other states. The purpose of the present study is to measure the impact of sanctions on Iranians after the withdrawal of the United States from the JCPOA. The main question of the research is, what effect did sanctions have on the public health of Iranian citizens during the period of 2018 to 2022? The hypothesis of the research indicates that sanctions severely affect public health and its components. Quantitative methods and questionnaire tools were used to evaluate the article's hypothesis. The statistical sample of the research was made up of 400 citizens living in Yasouj city (stratified-random method) and two samples mean test, regression, Pearson correlation coefficient, and... were used to analyze the data. The findings of the research show that there is a significant relationship between the US sanctions and the public health of the Yasouj citizens. Also, the results showed that there are no significant differences in variables such as age, gender, and marital status between men and women.

---

• View Article
• PDF 1009.98 K

Azerbaijan's Foreign Policy toward Israel: Opportunities and Threats

Hamed Hajati; abdollmajid seifi

Volume 6, Issue 3 , November 2022

Abstract

  The foreign policy of governments in the international system consists of a set of internal and external interests of the that international actors see in relation to other actors in ...  Read More The foreign policy of governments in the international system consists of a set of internal and external interests of the that international actors see in relation to other actors in the international environment based on their own assessment of national interests assessment reveals national interests under the framework of "opportunities" and "threats".Therefore, with the knowledge of this framework in foreign policy, this article seeks to assess the foreign policy of the Republic of Azerbaijan towards Israel based on the theory of new classical realism. The main question of the current research is, what are the opportunities and threats facing the Republic of Azerbaijan towards the direction of the foreign policy of the Republic of Azerbaijan towards Israel? The findings show that the foreign policy of the Republic of Azerbaijan towards Israel includes opportunities for balance of power, strengthening of the economic base, the development of military industries, the acquisition of new technologies, the strengthening of bargaining power against Iran and Armenia, and threats, including the blurring of relations with Iran, ,, the region has created an ideological contradiction for the republic.This research has been done by using descriptive-analytical method.

---

• View Article

Identity and ideological confrontation between Saudi Arabia and Iran in the study of Yemen

hanieh karimi; mohammad vali modarres; gholamreza karimi

Volume 6, Issue 1 , June 2022, , Pages 63-79

Abstract

  Saudi Arabia and Iran have long been recognized as the two main rivals in the middle east regional. But over the past years , relations between the two countries have become very complex ...  Read More Saudi Arabia and Iran have long been recognized as the two main rivals in the middle east regional. But over the past years , relations between the two countries have become very complex and have taken on new dimensions. Meanwhile , one of the issues that has strained relations between the two countries in recent years is the internal developments in yemen. Therefore , the purpose of the present article is the identity and ideological confrontation between Saudi Arabia and Iran in the study of yemen. On this basis , the author seeks to answer the fundamental question of how Saudi Arabia and Iran played a role in the developments in yemen? The hypothesis that arises in response to this question is that Saudi Arabia and Iran have played a role in the developments in yemen through identity factors , This has led to a challenge between the two countries.Given the Sunni and Wahhabi identity of Saudi Arabia and its concern about the spread of Shiism and the strengthening of Iran's influence in the Persian Gulf region and ultimately the entire Middle East , the Saudi – Iranian confrontation in yemen can be explained based on a constructivism approach.

---

• View Article
• PDF 836.66 K

Psychological aspects of sanctions, market risk and economic resilience

Seyed Hamid Armand; AbdolMohammad Kashian

Volume 6, Issue 1 , June 2022, , Pages 121-152

Abstract

  One of the effective factors in managing and controlling sanctions is managing its psychological effects. Naturally, sanctions have a number of psychological effects, including fluctuations ...  Read More One of the effective factors in managing and controlling sanctions is managing its psychological effects. Naturally, sanctions have a number of psychological effects, including fluctuations in the vital markets of the economy, and as a result, dealing with them properly plays an important role in managing market fluctuations. This article analyzes the interaction between the psychological aspects of sanctions and foreign exchange market, housing and stock market risk using the (VAR) model. The results of this model show that there is a correlation between the psychological effect of sanctions and the risk of market in the short and longterm. The psychological effect of sanctions increases the risk of foreign exchange and stock market and reduces the risk of fluctuations in the housing market, and in contrast, the increased risk of currency and stock market fluctuations leads to an increase in the psychological effect of sanctions on society. In other words, the public perception and mental image created in society show the effectiveness of sanctions and this is a great help to sanctioners to increase pressure. it is suggested that by minimizing the psychological aspects of sanctions, showing their insignificance, the pressures of market fluctuations are largely controlled.

---

• View Article
• PDF 1.45 M

US Foreign Policy Towards Afghanistan's Taliban

hamidreza dehghani

Volume 5, Issue 19 , January 2022, , Pages 85-107

Abstract

  The history of Afghanistan has always been accompanied by insecurity, military occupation, intra-sectarian and religious differences, foreign interventions and poverty of the society, ...  Read More The history of Afghanistan has always been accompanied by insecurity, military occupation, intra-sectarian and religious differences, foreign interventions and poverty of the society, which has turned this country into a field to protect the interests of foreign powers. Afghanistan's relationship with countries such as Russia, China and Iran has always been calculated in the foreign policy equations of American governments. The developments after the events of September 11 and the military occupation of Afghanistan in 2001 removed the Taliban from power, until in 2021, at the same time as the withdrawal of American troops and the fall of Afghan cities by the Taliban, power was given to them after two decades. The main question is how the US foreign policy approach to the rise of the New Taliban group can be explained. The current research, using the explanatory method according to the theory of neo-realism, seeks to test the hypothesis that the dominance of the new Taliban at the top of Afghanistan's power did not mean the complete withdrawal of America from that country, but simply due to various reasons such as concern about the growing power of China, heavy military expenses, the presence of regional powers. Like Russia, China and Iran, the failure to eradicate terrorism can be explained by differences of opinion with the Afghan government and compromise with the Taliban

---

• View Article
• PDF 926.01 K

Reflection of the Iranian Islamic Revolution in Latin America (Case Study: The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela)

Saeed eslamee; mohammad salmantabarsouteh

Volume 5, Issue 19 , January 2022, , Pages 109-128

Abstract

  The Islamic Revolution of Iran, as one of the greatest events of the twentieth century, has been the subject of discussion in many scientific-research circles of the world. The Islamic ...  Read More The Islamic Revolution of Iran, as one of the greatest events of the twentieth century, has been the subject of discussion in many scientific-research circles of the world. The Islamic Revolution, according to its nature, concepts and words, has brought special norms and has included goals and phenomena. The authors intend to study the effects of the Islamic Revolution on the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela in Latin America and the foreign relations between the two countries, which have not been methodically discussed before, relying on the constructivist method, which is above all an analytical framework.In this regard, the main question of the research is based on how the Islamic Revolution of Iran was reflected in Venezuela?, The present study, using an analytical-descriptive method and in the framework of a constructivist approach, has investigated the reflection of this great revolution in Latin America. The findings of the study indicate that the Islamic Revolution of Iran is not confined within its political borders and in addition to regional and indirect influences, it has also had an impact on countries such as the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

---

• View Article
• PDF 791.75 K

Saudi Arabia's aggressive regional policies toward Iran from 2003 to 2020

hanieh karimi; mohammad vali modarres; gholamreza karimi

Volume 5, Issue 19 , January 2022, , Pages 161-178

Abstract

  Saudi Arabia's aggressive regional policies toward Iran from 2003 to 2020AbstractThe present study examines Saudi Arabia's aggressive regional policies toward Iran from 2003 to 2020.Saudi ...  Read More Saudi Arabia's aggressive regional policies toward Iran from 2003 to 2020AbstractThe present study examines Saudi Arabia's aggressive regional policies toward Iran from 2003 to 2020.Saudi Arabia,known before 2003 as a conservative state in the region, has changed its regional policy since 2003,confronting Iran. But the main question of the research is why Saudi Arabia has adopted an aggressive policy towards Iran in the region? In response, it can be said that Saudi Arabia has pursued an aggressive policy against the power and influence of Iran following the developments in the region since 2003 and considering itself as a regional hegemon and leader of the Arab word. Saudi Arabia has also entered into military and arms deals with the United States in response to Iran's nuclear talk,to prevent Iranian influence in the region.The present study is written in the framework of aggressive realism theory and using descriptive-analytical method using library and internet data.Keyword:Saudi Arabia, Iran, region, realism theory

---

• View Article
• PDF 856.73 K

Ibrahim Reisi Florigen policy

Alireza Rezaei

Volume 5, Issue 17 , September 2021, , Pages 23-45

Abstract

  آنچه که در بررسی سیاست خارجی مورد اجماع محققان سیاست خارجی است، این است که سیاستگذاری درعرصة خارجی و ...  Read More آنچه که در بررسی سیاست خارجی مورد اجماع محققان سیاست خارجی است، این است که سیاستگذاری درعرصة خارجی و ارائه تحلیلی مطلوب از سیاست خارجی هر دولت، منوط به در نظر گرفتن هر دو حوزة داخلی و خارجی است. در این ارتباط بررسی سیاست خارجی جمهوری اسلامی ایران پس از چهار دهه از وقوع انقلاب اسلامی مواردی را مشخص می کند که در تبیین هر چه بهتر سیاست خارجی کشور و تعیین اهداف سیاست خارجی دولت جدید می تواند سیاست گذاران و مجریان را یاری کند. به همین جهت در این مقاله پرسش اینست که در بستر نظام بین الملل کنونی، چه الگو و استراتژی مطلوب و کارآمدی می تواند دولت ابراهیم رئیسی را در دستیابی به اهداف اش در سیاست خارجی یاری کند؟ در پاسخ برآنم که نظام بین الملل کنونی مبتنی بر هژمونی ایالات متحده آمریکا می باشد که درصدد پیاده نمودن نوعی نظم ایده محور است. لذا در دستور کار قرار دادن الگوی نظم عدالت محور با تاکید بر استراتژی "موازنه نرم در برابر قدرت هژمون" می تواند ضمن پرهیز از رویارویی مستقیم با این قدرت، هزینه های رهبری قدرت هژمون را بالا برده و او را مجبور به عقب نشینی نماید.

---

• View Article
• PDF 969.6 K

The Relationship between Foreign Policy and Health: A Theoretical Challenge to Iran's Foreign Policy in the Coronavirus Age

ali bagheri Dolatabadi

Volume 5, Issue 17 , September 2021, , Pages 47-71

Abstract

  The history of the connection between health and foreign policy in the world dates back to more than a century ago; However, the relationship and position of these two concepts with ...  Read More The history of the connection between health and foreign policy in the world dates back to more than a century ago; However, the relationship and position of these two concepts with each other in Iran's foreign policy is still unclear. It seems that the main reason for this condition referred to the weakness or the lack of a theoretical framework for this issue in Iranian foreign policy. Based on the above necessity, the main question of the present study is where is the position of health in the mainstream theories of International Relations and what is the relationship between the two concepts of health and foreign policy? The research methodology is descriptive-analytical conducted by library-based data. The results pointed to three approaches in explaining this relationship and position: foreign policy as health, health as foreign policy, and health as one of the foreign policy agendas. It also showed that today the attention to health in foreign policy has gone beyond the previous moral and humanitarian frameworks (liberalism) and has opened its place in the issues of power and security (realism).

---

• View Article
• PDF 841.07 K

Causes of Divergence among Middle East Kurd's in ISIS Era (Iraq&Syria)

seyed mohsen mostafavi ardebili; Hossein Daheshiar; Hamid Ahmadi; rahmat Haji Mineh

Volume 5, Issue 16 , May 2021, , Pages 1-23

Abstract

  The present article addressed the causes of the divergence of the Kurds of the Middle East in the ISIL era. The main question in this studied what are the reasons for the divergence ...  Read More The present article addressed the causes of the divergence of the Kurds of the Middle East in the ISIL era. The main question in this studied what are the reasons for the divergence of the Kurds in the ISIL and post-ISIL eras? The findings show that the Syrian Kurds took control of the Kurdish-held areas autonomously in the unique opportunity created by ISIL. in Iraq also provided an opportunity for the Kurdistan Regional Government to take action toward controlling and capturing of Kirkuk and implemented the "Iraqi Kurdistan Independence" plan. But this action failed due to withdrawal of Peshmerga forces from Kirkuk and quitting the results of the referendum. The plan for Kurdish autonomy is ambiguous due to the occupation of part of the Kurdish by Turkey in Syria. the hypothesis of this research is based on the fact that, the most important reasons for the Kurds' failure to converge must be attributed to internal disputes between different groups, the opposition of neighboring countries to Kurdish independence. In addition, the opposition of the UnitedStates must be added to these reasons. The present research is descriptive-analytical and reviewed the issue within the framework of neoclassical realism.

---

• View Article
• PDF 1.05 M

Investigating the Impacts of Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United States on Regional Equilibrium Patterns of Regional Power in the West Asian Geostrategic Zone after 11TH of September.

BEHNAM SHARIFPOUR; ALI BAGHERI ZADEH; MAJIID GOLPARVAR

Volume 5, Issue 16 , May 2021, , Pages 109-135

Abstract

  The events of September 11, led to formation of, new regional power balance in West Asia, that regional goals of its actors ranged from balance of power to balance of threat. In order ...  Read More The events of September 11, led to formation of, new regional power balance in West Asia, that regional goals of its actors ranged from balance of power to balance of threat. In order to explain function of balance of power approach; By examining regional goals of the actors of West Asian theorists, he dissected balance of power in the next decade. The balance of traditional power is predicted. As a result of the findings, outlook for the future is that probability of Iran's convergence with Saudi Arabia and the United States is low (the average intensity of regional convergence is 41.8%) and in the region, balance of traditional forces is still the most likely option. The level of tension created by the actors' goals belongs to Saudi Arabia, Iran and United States, respectively. Saudi Arabia is very influential from the United States and has a supporting role in US regional policy, and Iran has a deterrent role. This study is theoretically and practically important. The data were collected by library method (shooting tool), then the interrelationships between the targets and the actors were analyzed by the "future" research tool "Maktor", "Grapher" geometric design software, game theory and "diagonal matrix" pattern.

---

• View Article
• PDF 1.17 M

Assessing the causes of the growth and spread of religious extremism in Central Asia (2009-2019)

fatemeh bakhtiarzadeh; Mahdi Javdani Moghaddam

Volume 5, Issue 16 , May 2021, , Pages 137-160

Abstract

  After the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the collapse of the communist development model and the rise of authoritarian presidential regimes in Central Asian societies, a number ...  Read More After the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the collapse of the communist development model and the rise of authoritarian presidential regimes in Central Asian societies, a number of internal and external factors disrupted the process of establishing democratic institutions and developing democracy in these societies. Subsequently, the phenomenon of religious extremism in the five newly independent republics became a concern for governments in the region. On the other hand, with the outbreak of the Arab revolutions and its consequences in the Middle East, the similarities of some similarities between the Arab societies and the Central Asian societies created the ground for the inspiration of these regions from the mentioned revolutions. In this context, the present article has tried to use Jack Snyder's theory of participation to study the resurgence of religion as a phenomenon resulting from contemporary political development, the main feature of which is to increase the demand for political participation of the masses. And transnational The activities of social and transnational forces through the channel of governments to assess how these factors relate to each other and their impact on the growth of religious extremism in Central Asian societies.

---

• View Article
• PDF 936.71 K

United States tools to limit Iran's geopolitical territorialization

Farzin Zandi

Volume 5, Issue 16 , May 2021, , Pages 197-218

Abstract

  Iran's tendency to create a regional map has led to the expansion of Iran's influence and increased geopolitical power due to elements such as the country's geopolitical situation and ...  Read More Iran's tendency to create a regional map has led to the expansion of Iran's influence and increased geopolitical power due to elements such as the country's geopolitical situation and the adoption of a strategy to activate foreign non-state actors as regional arms. These reasons have created a growing sense of threat among the Persian Gulf states and Israel (as key US allies) and the need for convergence among them. In this study, we sought to answer the question of how and to what extent US sanctions have been able to affect Iran's domestic situation and regional approach. By continuing the strategy of " Containment" Iran and using " Coercive Diplomacy", the United States is trying to keep Iran in a kind of political-economic and geopolitical siege by smartening sanctions and maintaining and effectively regulating them, and the possibility of growth and foreign investment in Iran's economy to prevent. The consequences of imposing sanctions have weakened economic power and intensified the challenge of political-economic management inside Iran, and consequently, reduced the ability of Iran to support its proxy network as the main factor in the geopolitical realm of this country.

---

• View Article
• PDF 898.91 K

China and soft power (with an emphasis on post-American world literature)

majid dashtgerd; Isa Moradi Afrapoli; Ramin Bakhshi

Volume 5, Issue 16 , May 2021, , Pages 219-237

Abstract

  The post-American world denotes the status and condition of the international system in an age of challenges for the American hegemony and the blossoming of a series of new actors. ...  Read More The post-American world denotes the status and condition of the international system in an age of challenges for the American hegemony and the blossoming of a series of new actors. Most intellectuals working in this area have regarded China as one of the most potential newly-emerging powers, contending that China will play a vital role in the future of the international system. This paper attempted to demonstrate the significant position of transformation in power sources and the significance of soft power for China in the post-American world, and that how China will attempt to use soft mechanisms to reinforce its capability and influence in that new context. This paper mainly researched China's one source of soft power, including economy, and expounded several mechanisms within this source in the form of indicators and strategies of China's soft power. The author will answer the research hypothesis by the analytical-descriptive method and presenting empirical evidence and logical analysis.

---

• View Article
• PDF 911.07 K

Iran's Naval Defense Strategy

alireza rezaei; Ghasem Torabi

Volume 4, Issue 15 , March 2021, , Pages 15-25

Abstract

      Given to the impacts of the Iran-Iraq war and strategic importance and geographical situation of Hormoz strait, Islamic Republic of Iran Navy has adopted the asymmetric ...  Read More     Given to the impacts of the Iran-Iraq war and strategic importance and geographical situation of Hormoz strait, Islamic Republic of Iran Navy has adopted the asymmetric defense pattern. In accordance, Iranian Naval force has deployed this naval policy with defensive aims and deterrent purpose against the enemy, through taking advantage of geographical situation and strategic importance of the region as well as focusing on Shiite-inspired concepts like martyrdom. This pattern concentrates on using the advanced technologies and modern weaponry in situation unexpected for the enemy. In other word, in this defense pattern, speed, ambiguity, spread and dispersion by the usage of armed speedboats, extensive mining and missile attacks from submarines and sites situated in the Persian Gulf shores and islands beside the combined and simultaneous air attack are considered key factors. Given to these issues, the article aims to evaluate principles of Iran’s naval defense pattern.

---

• View Article
• PDF 563.08 K